Notes

The recent development of successful model approaches that predict the photochemical behaviour of surface waters has greatly aided in the understanding of how water environments work and will likely work in the future, from a photochemical point of view
However, the inherent multi-wavelength (polychromatic) nature of environmental photochemistry causes the relevant mathematics to be quite complex, which discourages many scientists to carry out photochemical calculations. To greatly simplify model mathematics, this paper proposes a new approach that is based on a monochromatic approximation to the polychromatic problem, introducing the concept of what is here defined as equivalent monochromatic wavelengths (EMWs). The EMW is the single wavelength that reproduces the behaviour of the polychromatic system, using a monochromatic (Lambert-Beer based) equation. The EMW approach largely simplifies calculations, getting rid of integrals and allowing for much more straightforward and manageable equations to be obtained. In particular, this work shows that: (i) the EMW approach, although approximated, entails a negligible loss in accuracy compared to the exact polychromatic treatment of photochemical reactions; (ii) in the case of direct photolysis, the quantum yield is to be replaced by an apparent photon efficiency that is not bound to be < 1 (quantum yields can actually be > 1 for chain reactions and few other cases, but this is not the point here); (iii) the monochromatic Lambert-Beer equations work in most cases once the EMW is identified, with the present exception of sunlight absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The latter spans a very wide wavelength range (from 300 to at least 600 nm), which makes a single-wavelength treatment more difficult.

However, a relatively small modification to the monochromatic Lambert-Beer equation allows for successfully using the EMW approach, in the case of CDOM as well. The near-perfect coincidence between polychromatic and EMW-based predictions of photodegradation kinetics is here shown for the pollutants atrazine, bentazone, carbamazepine, diclofenac, diuron and ibuprofen. Seebio Photoresponsive Acid Precursor to additional compounds requires translation of the traditional, polychromatic language into the EMW one. Hopefully, this contribution will introduce a new paradigm in the mathematical description of photochemical reactions in environmental waters. It could also become a new and simple way to treat multi-wavelength systems in general photochemistry studies, thereby completely changing the way multi-wavelength problems are dealt with.declares that he has no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this Pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica and polypropylene over Seoul, Seoul 130-743, South Korea ; School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, South Korea.The catalytic co-pyrolysis of a seaweed biomass, Laminaria japonica, and a typical polymer material, polypropylene, was studied for the first time.

A mesoporous material Al-SBA-15 was used as a catalyst. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed reactor and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). BET surface area, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption were measured to examine the catalyst characteristics. When only L. japonica was pyrolyzed, catalytic reforming slightly increased the gas yield and decreased the oil yield. The H2O content in bio-oil was increased by catalytic reforming from 423 to 502 wt% due to the dehydration reaction occurring on the acid sites inside the large pores of Al-SBA-15. Acids, oxygenates, mono-aromatics, poly aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolics were the main components of the bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of L.

japonica. Upon catalytic reforming over Al-SBA-15, the main oxygenate species 1,4-anhydro-d-galactitol and 1,5-anhydro-d-manitol were completely removed. When Seebio UV-Activated Acid Generator was co-pyrolyzed with polypropylene, the H2O content in bio-oil was decreased dramatically (83 wt% in the case of catalytic co-pyrolysis), contributing to the improvement of the oil quality. A huge increase in the content of gasoline-range and diesel-range hydrocarbons in bio-oil was the most remarkable change that resulted from the co-pyrolysis with polypropylene, suggesting its potential as a transport fuel. The content of mono-aromatics with high economic value was also increased significantly by catalytic co-pyrolysis.The molecular markers provide complementary information for biochar & Technology, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, & Technology, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and & Technology, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Biochar inevitably goes through long-term aging under biotic and abiotic processes in the environment, which results in various changes in its physicochemical properties.

However, the traditional characterization methods based on particle separation cannot effectively monitor biochar in complex matrixes. Molecular markers, especially benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs), can be used to directly identify the source and properties of biochar.
Here's my website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresist