Notes

Granulomatosis (Wegener's granulomatosis) along with polyangiitis introduced while lung manifestation: in a situation document.
Childhood cancer survivors experience significantly higher rates of hypertension which potentiates cardiovascular disease, but the contribution and relationship of genetic and treatment factors to hypertension risk are unknown.

To determine the contribution of a blood pressure polygenic risk score (PRS) from the general population and its interplay with cancer therapies to hypertension in childhood cancer survivors.

Using 895 established blood pressure loci from the general population, we calculated a PRS for 3572 childhood cancer survivors of European ancestry from Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) original cohort, 1889 from CCSS expansion cohort, and 2534 from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (SJLIFE). Hypertension was assessed using National Cancer Institute criteria based on self-report of a physician diagnosis in CCSS and by blood pressure measurement in SJLIFE.

In the combined sample of 7995 survivors, those in the top decile of the PRS had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.66 (95% CI=2.03-3.48) for hypengs highlight the importance of screening for hypertension in all childhood cancer survivors, and identify higher risk subgroups.Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are newer therapies being applied to an increasing number of patients with cancer. Data suggest that up to 36% of cancer patients may be eligible for immunotherapy and, in late 2019, there were more than 3,362 clinical trials initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapy, either as single agents or in combination with other immunotherapy, targeted therapies, or traditional cytotoxic or radiation therapy. With the combination of both immune and non-immune treatment approaches, the complexity in making the diagnosis of cardiotoxicity related to an ICI will increase substantially. Here, we summarize the published data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cardiotoxicity of ICIs. This is a rapidly evolving field, and as our understanding continues to evolve, previously considered hypotheses may not prove to be entirely correct. Research and continued collaborations are urgently needed to provide evidence-based cardiovascular care for this rapidly expanding and vulnerable cohort of patients. (J Am Coll Cardiol CardioOnc 2021;335-47) © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Pratylenchus penetrans induce necrotic lesions, the hallmark symptom for the genus, soon after infection. The objective of our study was to characterize and quantify gender differences in lesion development. Independent experiments were conducted in vitro for three hosts; pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Early Alaskan), dill (Anethum graveolens cv. Long Island Mammoth), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Vernal). Each experimental unit was an excised radical placed on water agar in a Petri dish and inoculated with either 40 adult males or 40 fourth-stage juvenile females. Length, size, and number of lesions were recorded during the experiment and the radicals were harvested 14 days after introducing nematodes. Lesions were first observed on pea after two days for female-inoculated roots, and 24 hr after introducing both genders to dill and alfalfa. Lesions expanded either by multiple lesions coalescing or individual lesions expanding over time. Males made fewer, smaller lesions with less discoloration for all three hosts. There was no difference among genders for the total number of nematodes recovered per Petri dish or the number of endoparasitic nematodes after 14 days. The survival rate of males and females at harvest was not different, indicating that the difference in lesion formation was not related to nematode population densities. This study verified and quantified the observation that lesions induced by males are less extensive and in smaller numbers than lesions by females.Flexible thin-film transistors with high current-driven capability are of great significance for the next-generation new display technology. The effect of a Cu-Cr-Zr (CCZ) copper alloy source/drain (S/D) electrode on flexible amorphous neodymium-doped indium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (NdIZO-TFTs) was investigated. Compared with pure copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) S/D electrodes, the CCZ S/D electrode changes the TFT working mode from depletion mode to enhancement mode, which is ascribed to the alloy-assisted interface layer besides work function matching. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile analysis was conducted to examine the chemical states of the contact interface, and the result suggested that chromium (Cr) oxide and zirconium (Zr) oxide aggregate at the interface between the S/D electrode and the active layer, acting as a potential barrier against residual free electron carriers. The optimal NdIZO-TFT exhibited a desired performance with a saturation mobility (μ sat) of 40.3 cm2·V-1·s-1, an I on/I off ratio of 1.24 × 108, a subthreshold swing (SS) value of 0.12 V·decade-1, and a threshold voltage (V th) of 0.83 V. This work is anticipated to provide a novel approach to the realization of high-performance flexible NdIZO-TFTs working in enhancement mode.White laser with balanced performance of broad bandwidth, high average and peak power, large pulse energy, high spatial and temporal coherence, controllable spectrum profile, and overall chroma are highly desirable in various fields of modern science. Here, for the first time, we report an innovative scheme of harnessing the synergic action of both the second-order nonlinearity (2nd-NL) and the third-order nonlinearity (3rd-NL) in a single chirped periodically poled lithium niobate (CPPLN) nonlinear photonic crystal driven by a high-peak-power near-infrared (NIR) (central wavelength~1400 nm, energy~100 μJ per pulse) femtosecond pump laser to produce visible to near infrared (vis-NIR, 400-900 nm) supercontinuum white laser. The CPPLN involves a series of reciprocal-lattice bands that can be exploited to support quasiphase matching for simultaneous broadband second- and third-harmonic generations (SHG and THG) with considerable conversion efficiency. Due to the remarkable 3rd-NL which is due to the high energy density of the pump, SHG and THG laser pulses will induce significant spectral broadening in them and eventually generate bright vis-NIR white laser with high conversion efficiency up to 30%. Moreover, the spectral profile and overall chroma of output white laser can be widely modulated by adjusting the pump laser intensity, wavelength, and polarization. Our work indicates that one can deeply engineer the synergic and collective action of 2nd-NL and 3rd-NL in nonlinear crystals to accomplish high peak power, ultrabroadband vis-NIR white laser and hopefully realize the even greater but much more challenging dream of ultraviolet-visible-infrared full-spectrum laser.
To generate and assess an algorithm combining eye tracking and speech recognition to extract brain lesion location labels automatically for deep learning (DL).

In this retrospective study, 700 two-dimensional brain tumor MRI scans from the Brain Tumor Segmentation database were clinically interpreted. For each image, a single radiologist dictated a standard phrase describing the lesion into a microphone, simulating clinical interpretation. Eye-tracking data were recorded simultaneously. Using speech recognition, gaze points corresponding to each lesion were obtained. Lesion locations were used to train a keypoint detection convolutional neural network to find new lesions. A network was trained to localize lesions for an independent test set of 85 images. The statistical measure to evaluate our method was percent accuracy.

Eye tracking with speech recognition was 92% accurate in labeling lesion locations from the training dataset, thereby demonstrating that fully simulated interpretation can yield reliable tumor location labels. These labels became those that were used to train the DL network. The detection network trained on these labels predicted lesion location of a separate testing set with 85% accuracy.

The DL network was able to locate brain tumors on the basis of training data that were labeled automatically from simulated clinical image interpretation.© RSNA, 2020.
The DL network was able to locate brain tumors on the basis of training data that were labeled automatically from simulated clinical image interpretation.© RSNA, 2020.
To determine the influence of preprocessing on the repeatability and redundancy of radiomics features extracted using a popular open-source radiomics software package in a scan-rescan glioblastoma MRI study.

In this study, a secondary analysis of T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted postcontrast images from 48 patients (mean age, 56 years [range, 22-77 years]) diagnosed with glioblastoma were included from two prospective studies (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00662506 [2009-2011] and NCT00756106 [2008-2011]). All patients underwent two baseline scans 2-6 days apart using identical imaging protocols on 3-T MRI systems. No treatment occurred between scan and rescan, and tumors were essentially unchanged visually. Radiomic features were extracted by using PyRadiomics
https//pyradiomics.readthedocs.io/
under varying conditions, including normalization strategies and intensity quantization. Subsequently, intraclass correlation coefficients were determined between feature values ing of methodology in radiomics articles and understanding the limitations of choices made in pipeline design.
© RSNA, 2020See also the commentary by Tiwari and Verma in this issue.
Both normalization and intensity quantization have an effect on the level of repeatability and redundancy of features, emphasizing the importance of both accurate reporting of methodology in radiomics articles and understanding the limitations of choices made in pipeline design. Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2020See also the commentary by Tiwari and Verma in this issue.A family of amphiphilic copolymers containing hydrophobic cholate pendants has been prepared by copolymerization of cholic acid-based monomer 2-(methacryloxy)-ethyl cholate (MAECA) with polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). The polymers differ for the content of MAECA that increases from 0 to 35%. The copolymers partition within liposomes and display potent ionophoric activity forming large pores in the membrane and allowing the leakage of small inorganic ions (H+, Na+) and of large polar organic molecules (calcein). Their activity is strictly correlated to the content of cholic acid subunits, increasing as the fraction of cholate moiety increases.Fatigue is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom in multiple sclerosis, but currently the available treatment options have limited efficacy. The development of innovative and efficacious targeted treatments for fatigue in multiple sclerosis has been marred by the limited knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. One of the hypotheses postulates that multiple sclerosis pathology might cause reduced monoaminergic release in the central nervous system with consequences on motivation, mood and attention. Here, we applied the recently developed Receptor-Enriched Analysis of Functional Connectivity by Targets method to investigate whether patients with high and low fatigue differ in the functional connectivity (FC) of the monoamine circuits in the brain. We recruited 55 patients with multiple sclerosis, which were then classified as highly fatigued or mildly fatigued based on their scores on the cognitive sub-scale of the Modified Fatigue Impact scale. We acquired resting-state functional MRI scans and derived individual maps of connectivity associated with the distribution of the dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin transporters as measured by positron emission tomography.
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