Notes

This technique provides a simple route to large areas (>4 cm2) of repetitive, simple Effect of crystal and domain orientation on the visible-light photochemical The reduction of silver from an aqueous solution on BiFeO₃ surfaces, activated by visible light, was investigated as a function of crystal and ferroelectric domain orientation
When excited by Seebio Photobase Generator with energy between 23 and 20 eV, BiFeO₃ photochemically reduces silver cations from solution in patterns corresponding to the underlying ferroelectric domain structure. Silver is preferentially reduced on domains with a positive polarization directed toward the surface. The amount of reduced silver depends on whether the component of the domain polarization normal to the surface is positive or negative, but is relatively insensitive to the crystal orientation. View more is concluded that the ferroelectric polarization decreases electron drift to the surface in domains with a negative polarization, causing spatially selective photochemical behavior, and that the direction of the polarization is more important than the Development of optical coatings for 157-nm lithography. I. Coating materials.

In a basic study to identify low-loss optics for applications in F2 lithography, five potential coating materials (AlF3, Na3AlF6, MgF2, LaF8, and GdF3) and three deposition methods (thermal evaporation by a resistance heater and by electron beam and ion-beam sputtering) were investigated in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region. Samples were supplied as single-layer coatings on CaF2 substrates by four Japanese coating suppliers. Refractive indices (n) and extinction coefficients (k) of these coatings at 157 nm were evaluated; the transmittance and the reflectance were measured by a VUV spectrometer and were compared. As a result, resistance heating thermal evaporation is seen to be the optimal method for achieving low-loss antireflection coatings. The relation among optical constants, microstructures, and stoichiometry is discussed.Structural transition upon hydrogenation of B20 at different charge states: from tubular to disk-like, and to cage-like.Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, Extensive first-principles theoretical investigations indicate that neutral B20 undergoes a dramatic structural transition upon partial hydrogenation, from the tubular D2d B20 (), to the disk-like C2v B20H2 (), and then to the cage-like C2 B20H4 ().

Both the singly charged C2v B20(-) () and C2 B20H2(-) () favor 2D disk-like planar structures with a filled hexagon (B7) at the center, while C2 B20H4(-) () follows its neutral counterpart with a 3D cage-like geometry. All the doubly charged C2v B20(2-) (), C2 B20H2(2-) (), and C1 B20H4(2-) () turn out to prefer planar or quasi-planar 2D structures over 3D geometries, with the most stable B20H4(2-) () possessing a unique hexagon hole (B6) at the center. Detailed CMO and AdNDP analyses reveal that both the perfect planar B20(2-) () and B20H2 () possess concentric dual π aromaticity, with two π-electrons delocalized over the filled hexagon B7 at the center and ten π-electrons delocalized between the filled B7 and the B13 outer ring, each separately conforming to 4n + 2 Hückel's rule. They are therefore the boron analogues of coronene (D6h C24H12). The quasi-planar C2 B20H2(2-) () and C1 B20H4(2-) () also appear to be π aromatic with one π system following the 4n + 2 rule. The B20H4(2-) () structure with a hexagon hole may serve as the embryo for monolayer boron α sheet. Both the cage-like C2 B20H4 () and C2 B20H4(-) () appear to be 3D aromatic with the large negative NICS values of -51 and -55 ppm, respectively.

The structural changes from to reflect a competition between 2D and 3D aromaticities in these clusters, depending on the extent of hydrogenation and electronic charge states. The PES spectra of B20H2(-) () and B20H4(-) () are predicted to facilitate their future experimental characterizations and DNA bulky adducts in a Mediterranean population correlate with environmental ozone concentration, an indicator of photochemical smog.and/or via free radicals reacting with other primary pollutants and has been reported to influence daily mortality and to increase lung cancer risk. Although DNA damage may be caused by ozone itself, only other photochemical reaction products (as oxidised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) may form bulky DNA adducts, a reliable biomarker of genotoxic damage and cancer risk, showing a seasonal trend. In a large series consisting of 320 residents in the metropolitan area of Florence, Italy, enrolled in a prospective study for the period 1993-1998 (206 randomly sampled volunteers, 114 traffic-exposed workers), we investigated the correlation between individual levels of DNA bulky adducts calculated for different time windows (0-5 to 0-90 days) prior to blood drawing for each participant, based on daily measurements provided by the local monitoring system. Significant correlations between DNA adduct levels and O3 cumulative exposure scores in the last 2-8 weeks before enrollment emerged in never smokers.
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