Notes

Bidirectional Hyperlinks Involving Teachers' Disciplinary Procedures, Kids' Expert Status, along with Kids' Lack of control throughout School.
To enhance understanding of the lived experience of tinnitus during childhood/adolescence from the reflections of adults who experienced tinnitus during childhood/adolescence and the perceptions of primary carers and clinicians who care for children/adolescents who experience it. Secondly to develop a conceptual framework to better describe the experience of chronic tinnitus during childhood/adolescence and to guide approaches to assessment and management.

Using a concept mapping approach, participants from two stakeholder groups generated statements describing what chronic tinnitus sounds and feels like to children/adolescents who experience it. Participants subsequently grouped and rated the statements to reveal key concepts. The first stakeholder group consisted of adults who had experienced chronic tinnitus as a child/adolescent and parents of children or adolescents who are experience chronic tinnitus. The second stakeholder group consisted of clinical professionals who provide care for children/adoly the interplay between the sound they perceive, the number of accompanying senses involved and their interpretation of the sound. As well as the emotions and physical effects they experience.Extraoral digestion allows for breakdown of dietary components before they reach the midgut for final enzymatic degradation and absorption. In the Hemiptera, this is achieved by the secretion of enzyme-rich fluids from the salivary gland, with the combination of protein and mRNA from these tissues termed the sialome. Separate channels within the hemipteran stylets allow for secretion of saliva and ingestion of predigested material in a non-reflux mechanism. Both feeding mode and diet type influence the composition of the hemipteran sialome, as illustrated by 1) differences in protease abundance between hematophagous and predatory heteropteran sialomes, 2) diet specific aminopeptidase-N genes among aphid biotypes, and 3) adaptation-induced sialome variation in related cicada populations. Despite challenges associated with incomplete genome annotation, -omics analysis of the sialomes of diverse hemipteran species will enhance understanding of both sialome function and the evolution of extraoral digestion within the order.Termites are fascinating insects for a number of reasons, one of which being their specialization on diets of wood lignocellulose. The goal of this review is to consider stress-inducing characteristics of wood and apparent molecular-physiological adaptations in termite guts to overcome these stressors. Defensive factors present in wood include extractive secondary plant metabolites, lignin and related phenolics, crystalline cellulose, and low nitrogen content. Molecular-physiological adaptations of the termite gut to deal with these factors include robust detoxification and antioxidant machinery, the production of a peritrophic matrix and a wide range of cellulases from host and symbiotic sources, and creation of niches available to nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbionts. Considering termite gut physiology and symbioses in the context of stress-response has applied implications. These outcomes can include development of efficient biomass breakdown strategies, protection of microbes during industrial processing applications, and safeguarding wooden structures from termite damage.This study investigated the association between the ability to maintain prolonged (2-minute) fixation on a visual target and ADHD traits in a sample consisting of 120 monozygotic and 120 dizygotic twin pairs, aged 9 to 14 years. More intrusive saccades during the task was associated with higher level of parent-reported ADHD traits. Both intrusive saccades and ADHD symptoms had high heritability estimates, and there was a moderate genetic correlation between number of intrusive saccades and ADHD. This study suggests that inability to maintain ocular fixation for longer times is etiologically linked to ADHD traits in the general population.Our main purpose was to investigate how smoking and nicotine interacted with specific aspects of cognitive functioning. The research was conducted in two parts (i) an investigation of cognition in heavy smokers and healthy nonsmokers, and (ii) an investigation of cognition in healthy nonsmokers enrolled in a clinical trial involving administration of nicotine gum. Results indicated that the relationship between smoking and nicotine was characterized by an inverted U-shaped effect. On the one hand, cognitive test performance of the heavy smokers group was reduced on all of the cognitive tasks used here. On the other hand, healthy nonsmokers who used 2-mg of nicotine gum performed better, whilst the 4-mg group performed worse than the 2-mg and the placebo group. Demographic data were not related to the cognitive tasks. These data suggest that small doses of nicotine can have an activating function that leads to improved cognition, while heavy smoking on a chronic (and possibly acute) basis leads to cognitive impairment.Because the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is still unclear and the accurate diagnosis remains unavailable, we aimed to analyze its molecular mechanisms and develop a gene classifier to improve diagnostic accuracy. We extracted differentially expressed genes from two datasets, GSE45642 (from brain tissue samples) and GSE98793 (from blood samples), and found three key modules to have a significant correlation with MDD traits by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Hub genes were identified from the key modules according to the connectivity degree in the network and subjected to least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis. A total of eighty-five hub genes were selected to construct the gene classifier, which had considerable ability to recognize MDD patients in the training set and test set. In addition, the relationship between the key MDD modules and brain tissues indicated that the anterior cingulate should be a notable region in the study of MDD pathogenesis. The results of Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses reiterate the relationship between depression and immunity. Therefore we identified MDD hub genes in the InnateDB database, and found 14 genes involved in both MDD and the inflammatory response.Microcystin-LR (MCLR) produced during certain cyanobacteria blooms can contaminate drinking water sources and pose a threat to public health. Previous studies of MCLR degradation by free chlorine may have artifacts from using strong reducing agents to quench chlorination reactions, and they also have not explored the influence of water quality characteristics such as pH, alkalinity, temperature and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using a novel quencher, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB), the apparent MCLR degradation rate constants were found to be higher than those obtained with thiosulfate (S2O32-), a traditionally used strong reducing quencher. Thiosulfate converted N-chlorinated MCLR degradation products back to the parent MCLR, thereby underestimating MCLR loss over time. The second-order rate constants for HOCl (kHOCl) and OCl- (kOCl-) during chlorination of MCLR were determined to be 72 ± 13 and 28 ± 1.8 M-1s-1, respectively, allowing for determination of the apparent MCLR rate constants (kapp,MCLR) for any known pH condition. The MCLR reaction with free chlorine was strongly affected by temperature and the presence of DOM, while changes in ionic strength and alkalinity had little effect. Free chlorine in the presence of DOM, originating from both terrestrial and microbial sources, exhibited two-stage decay. The initial chlorine demand in the first 15 s of reaction can be determined by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (initial chlorine demand = 1.8 × DOC), and the second-order rate constants for the later slower decay correlated well with SUVA254 (kapp,DOM = 0.73 × SUVA254 - 0.41). The results yielded a practical model to predict the decay of MCLR during chlorination of waters with varied water quality characteristics.Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is increasingly used as tertiary treatment for the removal of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from wastewater (WW). To enhance the sorption kinetics and capacity, the PAC particles can be milled down to superfine powdered activated carbon (SPAC). However, the small-grained SPAC particles are prone to aggregation, which may impact their treatment performance. In this study we examined the effect of SPAC dispersion and aggregation on TrOC removal kinetics and sorption capacity. Specifically, we assessed how two interventions that modulate the apparent size of SPAC - ultrasonication and coagulation - affect the uptake of TrOCs in secondary WW effluent. We quantified the removal of fourteen TrOCs, of which twelve are indicator substances for micropollutant removal in WWTPs as designated by the Swiss Water Protection Ordinance. We determined that at high SPAC doses (> 1.6 mgSPAC/mg Dissolved Organic Carbon [DOC]), the TrOC removal kinetics were fast even for aggregated SPAC, such that SPAC dispersal by ultrasonication yielded no benefit. At low SPAC doses ( less then 1.6 mgSPAC/mgDOC) and contact times ( less then 2 minutes) ultrasonication was beneficial, in particular if the SPAC particles reached complete dispersion prior to exposure to TrOCs. However, the energy consumption of such an ultrasonication step should be carefully weighed against the additional energy requirement associated with using a higher SPAC dose. Finally, a coagulant to mitigate membrane fouling can be added simultaneously with the SPAC without compromising the TrOC removal efficiency. We conclude that under realistic SPAC application scenarios in WWTPs, interventions that disperse SPAC during TrOC sorption are not necessary, and processes that aggregate SPAC are acceptable.Bacteria capable of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) and phosphate removal could eliminate the need for separate reactors to remove nutrients from wastewater and alleviate competition for carbon sources between different heterotrophs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Here we report a newly isolated Thauera sp. strain SND5, that removes nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater via SND and denitrifying-phosphate accumulation, respectively, without accumulation of metabolic intermediates. Strain SND5 simultaneously removes ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate at an average rate of 2.85, 1.98, and 2.42 mg-N/L/h, respectively. Batch testing, detection of functional genes, nitrogenous gas detection and thermodynamic analysis suggested that nitrogen gas, with hydroxylamine produced as an intermediate, was the most likely end products of heterotrophic ammonium oxidation by strain SND5. The generated end products and intermediates suggest a novel nitrogen removal mechanism for heterotrophic ammonium oxidation in strain SND5 (NH4+→NH2OH→N2). Strain SND5 was also found to be a denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organism, capable of accumulating phosphate, producing and storing polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as an intracellular source of carbon while using nitrate/nitrite or oxygen as an electron acceptor during PHB catabolism. This study identifies a novel pathway by which simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal occurs in WWTPs via a single microbe.Ozonation of secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent for the abatement of organic micropollutants requires an accurate process control, which can be based on monitoring ozone-induced changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM). This study presents a novel automated analytical system for monitoring changes in the electron donating capacity (EDC) and UV absorbance of DOM during ozonation. In a first step, a quantitative photometric EDC assay was developed based on electron-transfer reactions from phenolic moieties in DOM to an added chemical oxidant, the radical cation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS·+). The assay is highly sensitive (limit of quantification ∼0.5 mgDOC·L-1) and EDC values of model DOM isolates determined by this assay were in good agreement with values determined previously by mediated electrochemical oxidation (slope = 1.01 ± 0.07, R2 = 0.98). In a second step, the photometric EDC measurement method was transferred onto an automated fluidic system coupled to a photometer (EDC analyzer). The EDC analyzer was then used to monitor changes in EDC and UV absorbance of secondary wastewater effluent treated with ozone. While both parameters exhibited a dose-dependent decrease, a more pronounced decrease in EDC as compared to UV absorbance was observed at specific ozone doses up to 0.4 mgO3·gDOC-1. The concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol, a phenolic micropollutant with a high ozone reactivity, decreased proportionally to the EDC decrease. In contrast, abatement of less ozone-reactive micropollutants and bromate formation started only after a pronounced initial decrease in EDC. The on-line EDC analyzer presented herein will enable a comprehensive assessment of the combination of EDC and UV absorbance as control parameters for full-scale ozonation.The forward osmosis-reverse osmosis (FO-RO) hybrid process has been extensively researched as part of attempts to reduce the high energy consumption of conventional seawater reverse osmosis in recent years. FO operating conditions play a substantial role in the hybrid process, dictating not only the performance of the entire system but also the propensity for fouling, which deteriorates performance in long-term field operations. Therefore, determining the optimal FO operating conditions with regard to membrane fouling may promote sustainable operation through efficient fouling control. This study thus evaluated the influence of each hydrodynamic operating condition (feed flowrate, draw flowrate, and hydraulic pressure difference) and their synergistic effects on fouling propensity in a pilot-scale FO operation under seawater and municipal wastewater conditions. Fouling-induced variation in water flux, channel pressure drop, diluted concentration, and the resulting specific energy consumption (SEC) were comparatively analyzed and utilized to project performance variation in a full-scale FO-RO system. Fouling-induced performance reduction significantly varied depending on hydrodynamic operating conditions and the resultant fouling propensity during 15 days of continuous operation. A high feed flowrate demonstrated a clear ability to mitigate fouling-induced performance deterioration in all conditions. A high draw flowrate turned out to be detrimental for fouling propensity since its high reverse solute flux accelerated fouling growth. Applying additional hydraulic pressure during FO operation caused a faster reduction of water flux, and thus feed recovery and water production; however, these drawbacks could be compensated for by a 10% reduction in the required FO membrane area and an additional reduction in RO SEC.Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in environment and plays an important role in numerous environmental processes. Although the molecular basis of the reactivity of DOM remains poorly understood due to its extreme complexity, redox-active carbonyls (aromatic ketones/aldehydes and quinones) within DOM are believed vitally important. Except the rough determination of total carbonyls (including non-redox active -COOR) based on inflexible 13C chemical shift range by expensive and time-consuming solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), there is no ready method to quantify redox-active carbonyls in DOM. Here we show that after treatment with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) by selectively eliminating redox-active carbonyls, quenched fluorescence of carbon quantum dots (CD) by DOM recovered dramatically, and displayed a good linear relationship between redox-active carbonyls detected and DOM concentration (R2 ≥ 0.977), thus allowing first quantitative determination of the redox-active carbonyls of DOM. Eight DOM isolates present 0.59%-0.90% redox-active carbonyls by the current method. And this method is robust from coexisting proteins and salts. This method could provide better or equal instructive results compared with solid-state NMR for total carbonyls or electrochemical method for electron-accepting capacities (EAC). Our results provide the underlying structural basis of many important geochemical processes that mediated by DOM. We posit that this method could apply to other complex molecular systems such as the atmospheric aerosols and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), too.Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for algal communities, but in excess can exacerbate stream eutrophication. However, P loadings to streams vary temporally from continuous to episodic as a result of inputs from point and non-point sources, respectively. P loading pattern can thus alter the temporal availability of P and may influence effects of P enrichment on algal communities. We assessed how P loading pattern influences algal biomass and composition by conducting a 29-day P enrichment experiment in nine artificial streams exposed to either (1) continuous P enrichment; (2) episodic P enrichment, or; (3) no P enrichment. P enrichment increased algal biomass accrual, but peak biomass did not differ between continuously and episodically enriched treatments. Maximum absolute growth rates were also comparable between P enriched treatments. However, episodic P additions sustained elevated rates of biomass accrual, whereas absolute growth rates in the continuously enriched communities declined towards tms.Investment in the behavioral change projects would not be possible without knowing their prerequisites and determinants including intention, moral norms, identity, and place attachment. Therefore, this study aimed at the determination of the effects of place attachment (PAT) (place dependence (PDE), place identity (PID), and place affect (PAF)) and farmers' identity (conservationist identity (CONID) and productivist identity (PROID)) on the moral norms of water conservation (MNWC) as well as the intention of water conservation (IWC) of the Iranian farmers. This was a descriptive-correlational and causal-relational study. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire completed using a cross-sectional survey and face-to-face interviews. Hence, a stratified random sampling method along with a proportionate allocation was used to select 380 farmers. The research findings indicated that the PAT (PDE, PID, and PAF) and CONID had significant positive effects on the MNWC. In addition, MNWC and CONID had significant positive effects on the IWC. However, PROID had a significant negative effect on the MNWC and IWC. In general, it was found that independent variables (PDE, PID, PAF, PROID, and CONID) could predict 39% and 53% of the variance of the MNWC and IWC variables, respectively. Moreover, the social-psychological framework of the study provides practitioners, decision-makers, policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders of the agricultural water management with useful practical and theoretical insights about the practices of behavior changes and social interventions. Finally, it is recommended that government decision-makers should further focus on the increased attractiveness of the rural and agricultural areas to increase PAT, MNWC, and IWC.
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events. High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) since birth are linked to the early onset of atherosclerotic disease. A genetic mutation determining FH is present in about one subject out of 250; FH should be more represented among subjects with a documented diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The POSTER Study evaluated the prevalence of FH in Italian patients with a recent CAD event.

Eighty-two cardiology centres enrolled patients with a documented CAD event; CV risk profile, drug therapy and biochemical parameters were collected. Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria were used to define patients with a potential FH diagnosis (score ≥6); these patients underwent molecular testing for genetic diagnosis of FH.

Overall, 5415 patients were enrolled and the main index events were myocardial infarction with ST-elevation, non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS), or a recent coronary rev relatives.
Results underscore a relatively high prevalence of potential FH in patients with a recent CAD event. Therefore, an early identification of these subjects may help improve the management of their high CV risk and, by cascade screening, identify possible FH relatives.
Initially treating vestibular schwannomas (VSs) with subtotal resection (STR) followed by Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for progression of tumor residual is a strategy that balances maximal tumor resection with preservation of neurological function. The effect of timing of GKRS for residual and recurrent VSs remains poorly defined. We developed a simple and practical treatment algorithm for the timing of GKRS after STR of VSs and reviewed our follow-up results to determine outcomes between patients treated with early vs. late GKRS.

Patients that underwent STR between 1999 and 2017 for a VS at Tufts Medical Center were identified and included in the study cohort. Patients who received GKRS ≤ 12 months after STR were included in the early intervention group. Patients who received GKRS > 12 months after STR or did not have tumor progression on follow-up thus not requiring GKRS were included in the observation/delayed intervention group.

STR of VSs was performed on 23 patients. Mean patient age at the time of STR was 53.0 years (range 20-86.2). The mean follow-up was 4.2 years (range 1 month-15.5 years). Patients most frequently presented with hearing loss. There were 5 patients (21.7 %) in the early intervention group and 18 (78.3 %) patients in the observation/delayed intervention group. Ten of 23 patients (43.5 %) required GKRS. Thirteen (56.5 %) did not receive GKRS. None of the patients in the early intervention group or the observation/delayed intervention group had changes in House-Brackmann (HB) Grade either after GKRS or at the end of the study period.

GKRS of residual or recurrent tumor is safe following STR of VS and appears to carry a low risk of worsening facial nerve function when performed for progressive tumor growth.
GKRS of residual or recurrent tumor is safe following STR of VS and appears to carry a low risk of worsening facial nerve function when performed for progressive tumor growth.
The objective of this paper is to assess the clinical outcomes between non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) in patients using direct oral anticoagulants(DOAC) versus vitamin K antagonists(VKA) for non-valvular atrial fibrillation. We also evaluated the predictors of the poor post-ICH outcomes.

We have performed pooled meta-analysis to assess long-term clinical outcomes in patients with DOAC-ICH as compared to those with VKA-ICH. A systematic literature search was conducted by searching the full-text English literature in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for observational studies reporting outcomes on interest. MOOSE guidelines were used to collect data till December 31, 2019 and random effects analysis was carried out to account for heterogeneity. For outcomes, risk ratios(RR) and the mean differences were pooled using a random-effects model and weighted mean differences (WMDs), respectively.

Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 25,354 patients; DOAC-ICH arms = 5,631; VKA-ICH a Age is a predictor of the poor outcome of hematoma expansion.A 61-year-old Caucasian female, with severe obturator neuropathy following a left pubic ramus fracture was treated successfully with dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS). Both conservative management and a dual-lead dorsal column spinal cord stimulator did not provide effective long-term results. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) trial was completed five years following the initial fracture, resulting in 90 % pain relief. A permanent device was implanted and after one year, 90 % pain relief was still sustained. DRGS has applicability in future treatment algorithms for patients with mixed nociceptive and neuropathic groin pain refractory to conservative management.
The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of progesterone (PG) at 1.0 mg kg
once every 12 h for 5 consecutive days in patients with moderate-to-severe (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] 3-12) traumatic brain injury (TBI).

The Cochrane Library, OvidSP, Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, WFSD, and VIP databases were systematically searched from inception to May 1, 2020. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the bias risk assessment tool from the Cochrane systematic evaluator manual 5.1.0. A pooled analysis of relevant data was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. The primary outcome was good functional outcome (GFO), and the secondary outcome was mortality. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore the impact of time, administration route, type of injury, and GCS on outcome measures.

A total of 7 randomized controlled trials involving 504 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The findings indicated a statistically significant difference in terms of GFO (RR, 1.48; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.25-1.76; P < 0.00001) and mortality (RR, 0.66; 95 % CI, 0.44-0.84; P = 0.002) between the PG and control groups. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that administration route was an important influencing factor for improving GFO in the PG group, and administration route and follow-up time were important for reducing mortality in the PG group.

We conclude that PG, at a dose of 1.0 mg kg
via intramuscular injection every 12 h for 5 consecutive days, could significantly improve GFO (1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and reduce the medium-term (3-month and 6-month) mortality rate. Larger studies are needed to support our findings.
We conclude that PG, at a dose of 1.0 mg kg-1 via intramuscular injection every 12 h for 5 consecutive days, could significantly improve GFO (1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and reduce the medium-term (3-month and 6-month) mortality rate. Larger studies are needed to support our findings.
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a correlation of preoperative controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score with prognosis in several malignancies, but only few studies have explored the influence of preoperative COUNT score in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Therefore, this study aimed to validate the connection between the clinical outcome of patients with GBM and the preoperative CONUT score.

This study retrospectively evaluated the preoperative CONUT scores of 94 patients with GBM undergoing surgery between December 2015 and May 2018. The cutoff value of the CONUT score was determined using the X-tilesoftware. The influence of preoperative CONUT score on overall survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression model.

The optimal preoperative CONUT score cutoff level was 4, and patients were divided into either low-CONUT score (<4, n = 78, 82.98 %) or high-CONUT score (≥4, n = 16, 17.02 %) groups. After univariate analysis, high-CONUT scores were closely associated with decreased overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.581, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.475-4.516, p = 0.001). After multivariate analysis, this relationship continued to remain significant (HR 3.110, 95 % CI 1.724-5.611, p < 0.001).

Current research indicates that the preoperative CONUT score has potential application as a predictor of prognosis in patients with GBM. Thus, it is important that patients with GBM undergo perioperative nutrition interventions according to their CONUT scores, which would be an effective treatment plan to improve their survival and prognosis.
Current research indicates that the preoperative CONUT score has potential application as a predictor of prognosis in patients with GBM. Thus, it is important that patients with GBM undergo perioperative nutrition interventions according to their CONUT scores, which would be an effective treatment plan to improve their survival and prognosis.Neural guidance mechanisms ensure the precise targeting and synaptogenesis events essential for normal circuit function. Neuronal growth cones encounter numerous attractive and repulsive cues as they navigate toward their intermediate and final targets; temporal and spatial regulation of these responses are critical for circuit assembly. Recent work highlights the complexity of these events throughout neural development and the multifaceted functions of a wide range of guidance cues. Here, we discuss recent studies that leverage advances in genetics, single cell tracing, transcriptomics and proteomics to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neural guidance and overall circuit organization.Low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) predisposes individuals to altered trajectories of brain development and increased rates of mental illness. Brain connectivity at birth is associated with psychiatric outcomes. We sought to investigate whether SES at birth is associated with neonatal brain connectivity and if these differences account for socioeconomic disparities in infant symptoms at age 2 years that are predictive of psychopathology. Resting state functional MRI was performed on 75 full-term and 37 term-equivalent preterm newborns (n = 112). SES was characterized by insurance type, the Area Deprivation Index, and a composite score. Seed-based voxelwise linear regression related SES to whole-brain functional connectivity of five brain regions representing functional networks implicated in psychiatric illnesses and affected by socioeconomic disadvantage striatum, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Lower SES was associated with differences in striatum and vlPFC connectivity. Striatum connectivity with frontopolar and medial PFC mediated the relationship between SES and behavioral inhibition at age 2 measured by the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (n = 46). Striatum-frontopolar connectivity mediated the relationship between SES and externalizing symptoms. These results, convergent across three SES metrics, suggest that neurodevelopmental trajectories linking SES and mental illness may begin as early as birth.Behaviors, traits and characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring because of complex genetic and non-genetic processes. We review genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology and parenting and focus on recent methodological advances in disentangling genetic and non-genetic factors. In light of this review, we propose that future studies on intergenerational transmission should aim to disentangle genetic and non-genetic transmission, take a long-term longitudinal perspective, and focus on paternal and maternal intergenerational transmission. We present four large longitudinal cohort studies within the Consortium on Individual Development, which together address many of these methodological challenges. These four cohort studies aim to examine the extent to which genetic and non-genetic transmission from the parental generation shapes parenting behavior and psychopathology in the next generation, as well as the extent to which self-regulation and social competence mediate this transmission. Conjointly, these four cohorts provide a comprehensive approach to the study of intergenerational transmission.The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent evidence for the short-term and long-term effects of cannabis on cognition. The evidence that cannabis intoxication is associated with short-term impairment across several basal cognitive domains, including learning and (episodic) memory, attentional control, and motor inhibition is increasing. However, evidence regarding the effects of long-term heavy cannabis use on cognition remains equivocal. Cannabis research suffers from difficulties in measuring cannabis exposure history, poor control over potential subacute effects, and heterogeneity in cognitive measures and sample composition. Multidisciplinary collaborations and investment in studies that help overcome these difficulties should be prioritized.Sediment samples (0-1 cm) and tube-dwelling polychaetes from the Norwegian Continental Shelf and the Barents Sea were collected, including areas close to oil and gas installations and remote locations. Microplastics (≥45 μm) were found in quantifiable levels in 27 of 35 sediment samples, from 0.039 to 3.4 particles/gdw (dw = dry weight); and in 9 of 10 pooled polychaete samples, from 11 to 880 particles/gww (ww = wet weight). Concentrations were significantly higher in tube-dwelling polychaetes than sediments from the same locations (p less then 0.0097) by orders of magnitude. To quantify this factor increase in polychaetes, a Biota-Sediment Particle Enrichment Factor (BSPEF) is introduced, which ranged from 100 to 11000 gdw/gww (280-31000 gdw/gdw). Higher microplastic levels were observed in polychaete tube than in soft tissue (n=4). The feeding behavior and life cycle of tube-dwelling polychaetes could have an important influence on the transport, distribution and food-chain dynamics of microplastics on the seafloor.Rising water temperature and increased uptake of CO2 by the ocean are predicted to have widespread impacts on marine species. However, the effects are likely to vary, depending on a species' sensitivity and the geographical location of the population. Here, we investigated the potential effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on larval growth and survival in a New Zealand population of the Australasian snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus. Eggs and larvae were reared in a fully cross-factored experiment (18 °C and 22 °C/pCO2 440 and 1040 μatm) to 16 days post hatch (dph). Morphologies at 1 dph and 16 dph were significantly affected by temperature, but not CO2. At 1dph, larvae at 22 °C were longer (7%) and had larger muscle depth at vent (14%), but had reduced yolk (65%) and oil globule size (16%). Reduced yolk reserves in recently hatched larvae suggests higher metabolic demands in warmer water. At 16 dph, larvae at elevated temperature were longer (12%) and muscle depth at vent was larger (64%). Conversely, survival was primarily affected by CO2 rather than temperature. Survivorship at 1 dph and 16 dph was 24% and 54% higher, respectively, under elevated CO2 compared with ambient conditions. Elevated temperature increased survival (24%) at 1 dph, but not at 16 dph. These results suggest that projected climate change scenarios may have an overall positive effect on early life history growth and survival in this population of C. auratus. This could benefit recruitment success, but needs to be weighed against negative effects of elevated CO2 on metabolic rates and swimming performance observed in other studies on the same population.Macrophytes play an important structural and functional role in marine ecosystems but are experiencing a considerable decline in many areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the long tradition of studies on vegetated marine habitats in the Gulf of Naples (Italy), a gap of knowledge on their long-term dynamics has recently been highlighted, mainly in the most anthropised areas. This work aimed to provide insights from the historic industrialised coastal area of the Site of National Interest (SIN) Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Pozzuoli, Italy), after decades of chemical contaminations and coastal transformation, to build a baseline for the next remediation and restoration programs. Historical occurrence of macroalgae and seagrasses before, during and after the industrial period was assessed; in particular, we focused the attention mainly on habitat-forming species, due to the vital function played in the trophic net. We observed no differences in the macroalgal diversity between the SIN district and the other parts of the Gulf of Pozzuoli, except for the Gulf of Pozzuoli during the industrial period, where the biodiversity showed a decreasing trend. However, a substantial regression of the largest macrophytes (Fucales) on rocky coasts and of marine monocots on sandy bottoms, all over the area, has been recorded. A loss of about 70% has concerned seagrass cover, mainly Posidonia oceanica, in the contaminated area of the SIN at present, this engineering species is missing on the bottom, facing the industrialised area. The human-made coastline transformation, the lack of natural substrates and the spatial remoteness among donor populations seem to be the leading causes of the significant decrease, over time, of marine forests in this study area. These factors should be taken into account to establish conservation priorities and for plant restoration.The use of sexual propagules to restore seagrass meadows has raised increasing attention in the last years as seed-based strategies avoid impacts on donor beds while preserving genetic diversity in restored populations. However, the availability of suitable microsites for seedling establishment at transplantation locations is crucial in order to achieve positive outcome of restoration actions. In this study we develop ad-hoc holders that act as optimal microsites for Posidonia oceanica seedling establishment. Holders are intended to be transferred in the field for restoration purposes after few months of indoor seedling culture. Seedling ability to self-anchor to rocky substrates via adhesive root hairs was exploited. We tested rocky holders with different designs in order to maximize seedling survival and settlement. The effect of the holder design on seedling anchorage performances was evaluated. Holders were provided with different topographical complexity and substrate slope. Topographical complexity significantly influenced settlement success, as seedlings did not attach to flat holders, while anchorage reached 100% on holders provided with complexity at seed and the root scales. Substrate slope did not affect the percentage of anchored seedlings, conversely it influenced root growth pattern and thus anchorage stability. This study shows how ecological knowledge of species' life history strategies and associated critical traits provides valuable hints to develop alternative approaches to seagrass restoration tailored to the biology of the system under study.
The primary aim of this study is to compare the clinical course and laboratory parameters of acute cholecystitis in patients with diabetes vs. patients without diabetes.

The study involved patients who underwent emergency cholecystectomy in the Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery of University Clinical Center in Gdansk (Poland) between 2007 and 2017. There were 267 patients included in the study. The control group of 197 patients was age and sex matched at a 31 ratio. The following was compared between the groups symptoms at admission, course of surgery, postoperative course, length of hospitalization, total costs of hospitalization and antibiotic therapy, other than routine perioperative prophylaxis.

There was no significant difference between the patients with and without diabetes regarding symptoms at admission. Operative and postoperative complication rates were significantly higher in the patients with diabetes. The operative time and length of hospitalization were significantly longer in the study group. The conversion rate was not higher in the study group, but classic surgery was performed significantly more often. The patients without diabetes had less pronounced symptoms with more locally advanced disease.

Our study demonstrates that patients with diabetes have a significantly more eventful course of acute cholecystitis than patients without diabetes. Patients with diabetes should therefore be qualified for cholecystectomy early in the course of acute cholecystitis.
Our study demonstrates that patients with diabetes have a significantly more eventful course of acute cholecystitis than patients without diabetes. Patients with diabetes should therefore be qualified for cholecystectomy early in the course of acute cholecystitis.Reading acquisition involves learning to associate visual symbols with spoken language. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that instruction on the relationship between spellings and sounds may be particularly important.However, it is unclear whether the effectiveness of this form of instruction depends on pre-existing oral language knowledge.To investigate this issue, we developed a series of computational models of reading incorporating orthographic, phonological and semantic processing to simulate bothartificialand natural orthographic learning conditions in adults and children. We exposed the models to instruction focused on spelling-sound or spelling-meaning relationships, and tested the influence of the models' oral language proficiency on the effectiveness of these training regimes. Overall, the simulations indicated thatoral language proficiency is a vital foundation for reading acquisition, and may modulate the effectiveness of reading instruction. These results provide a computational basis for the Simple View of Reading,and emphasise the importance of both oral language knowledge and spelling-sound instructionin the initial stages of learning to read.Management of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) has proven challenging owing to the concern that any OIPN-preventing agents may also decrease the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agent and fail to reverse established neuronal damage. Nevertheless, targeting redox signaling pathways constitutes a promising therapy in OIPN and we have previously demonstrated the protective role of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2) in this disorder. Here, we investigated the protective properties of formononetin (FN), a clinical preparation extract, in OIPN. RNA interference experiments revealed that FN protects against OIPN directly through activation of the NRF2 pathway. Further expression profile sequencing showed that FN exerts its protective effect via the NRF2 downstream-oxaliplatin metabolism enzyme, GSTP1. We also demonstrated that FN does not influence the chemotherapeutic function of oxaliplatin, as NRF2 exhibits a different drug metabolic enzyme activation state downstream in colorectal cell lines than that in neurons. Following synthesis of Bio-FN to screen the target binding proteins, we found that FN selectively binds to His129 and Lys131 in the BTB domain of KEAP1. In vivo experiments revealed that FN-induced activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway alleviated the nociceptive sensations in mice. Our findings highlight a new binding mechanism between KEAP1 and isoflavones for activation of the NRF2 system and suggest that pharmacological or therapeutic activation of the NRF2-GSTP1 axis may serve as an effective strategy to prevent or attenuate the progression of OIPN.
To develop a nomogram for predicting the possibility of four or more positive nodes in breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLN).

Retrospective analysis of data of patients from two institutions was conducted. The inclusion criteria were invasive breast cancer; clinically node negative; received lumpectomy or mastectomy plus SLN biopsy followed by axillary lymph node dissection (ALND); and pathologically confirmed T1-2 tumor, with 1-3 positive SLNs. Patients from one institution formed the training group and patients from the other the validation group. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the predictors of four or more positive nodes. These predictors were used to build the nomogram. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the accuracy of the model.

Of the 1480 patients (966 patients in the training group, 514 in the validation group), 306 (20.7%) had four or more positive nodes. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression showed number of positive (p<.001) and negative SLN (p<.001), extracapsular extension (p<.001), pT stage (p=.016), and tumor location in outer upper quadrant (p=.031) to be independent predictors of four or more positive nodes. The nomogram was built using these five factors. The AUC was 0.845 in the training group and 0.804 in the validation group.

The proposed nomogram appears to accurately estimate the likelihood of four or more positive nodes and could help radiation oncologists to decide on use of regional nodal irradiation (RNI) for breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive nodes but no ALND.
The proposed nomogram appears to accurately estimate the likelihood of four or more positive nodes and could help radiation oncologists to decide on use of regional nodal irradiation (RNI) for breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive nodes but no ALND.Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes acute diarrhea and is transmitted through contaminated food and water; however, systematic procedures for its specific detection in foods have not been established. To establish an efficient detection method for ETEC in food, an interlaboratory study using ETEC O148 and O159 as representative serogroups was first conducted with 13 participating laboratories. A series of tests including enrichment, real-time PCR assays, plating on selective agars, and concentration by immunomagnetic separation followed by plating onto selective agar (IMS-plating methods) were employed. This study particularly focused on the detection efficiencies of real-time PCR assays for enterotoxin genes (sth, stp, and lt), IMS-plating methods, and direct plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar and CHROMagar STEC medium, supplemented with tobramycin, which is a novel modification in the preparation of a selective agar. Cucumber and leek samples inoculated with ETEC O148 and O159, either at 4-7 CF and IMS-plating onto selective agar. Therefore, screening sth, stp, and lt genes followed by isolation of STEC using the IMS-plating method may be an efficient method for ETEC detection.
Estimation of nutritional requirements is a difficult task, especially for nutrients whose requirements have skewed distribution like iron in menstruating women.

To mathematically develop a simplified population data analysis using gamma distribution for the estimation of nutritional requirements, not depending on extensive numerical calculation.

The required equations for the estimation of requirements were devised and solved. Existing data of iron intakes and iron losses in literature were fitted to cumulative distribution curves including gamma distribution. The proposed method was applied to the estimation of iron requirements in women using the National Health and Nutrition Survey data from 2003 to 2007 in Japan.

The type 2 equation of nutritional state is first introduced prevalence of inadequate nutritional state = Σ(individuals with intake/requirement <1)/(total number of individuals). The prevalence of inadequate nutritional status is determined by F-distribution with positive real number n aged 18-29 years, and 15.70 mg, 15.77 mg and 15.60 mg for women aged 30-49 years.

The approximate estimates of iron requirements agreed well with the exact numerical estimate. The proposed method is useful for the estimation of iron requirements in menstruating women that usually requires extensive numerical calculations.
The approximate estimates of iron requirements agreed well with the exact numerical estimate. The proposed method is useful for the estimation of iron requirements in menstruating women that usually requires extensive numerical calculations.In humans, soft tissue spindle cell sarcomas (STSCS) grading is considered a useful parameter in determining prognosis and therapy, and it is recognized as an important prognostic factor in canine STSCS. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility and the accuracy of a cytologic grading system on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears of canine and feline cutaneous and subcutaneous STSCS .Thirty-three cases of cytologically diagnosed STSCS were included. The smears and their tumour sections were cytologically and histologically graded, according to established methods in human oncology.Canine STSCS showed a cyto/histologic concordance in 12/20 cases (60%). Concordance was observed in 4/8 (50%) of grade 1, in 8/12 (67%) of grade 2, and in 0 cases of grade 3. Feline STSCS showed concordance in 11/13 cases (85%). Concordance was observed in 5/6 (83%) of grade 1, in 4/4 (100%) of grade 2, and in 2/3 (66.6%) of grade 3 cases. The overall concordance in the entire canine and feline population was 70%. The gradewise concordance was 65% in grade 1, 75% in grade 2, and 66% in grade 3 cases. The overall concordance is similar to that reported in humans. Although a wider population is required to strengthen our findings, these results suggest that cytologic grading of STSCSs may be a useful tool for therapeutic and prognostic evaluations in dogs and cats.Green iguanas are arboreal lizards, common as pet animals and in captivity. Knowledge of neoplasms in iguanas is scarce, and a challenge to their prevention, treatment, and prognosis. A captive green iguana showed a pigmented nasal exophytic neoplasm. Tumor cells were spindle-shaped to epithelioid with a variable amount of dark-brown or black granular melanin within the cytoplasm, and also presented cytoplasmic positivity for Melan-A and S100. Transmission electron microscopy evidenced intracytoplasmic melanosomes and premelanosomes and provided a definitive diagnosis of a nasal melanophoroma. Full characterization of the clinicopathological and ultrastructural features of the melanophoroma may contribute to the limited knowledge concerning cutaneous neoplasms in green iguanas.A 7-year-old, white, domestic short hair, female cat was presented with an aural hematoma of the right pinna, which had been partially resected a year previously. A 3 × 4 cm mass, macroscopically similar to an auricular hematoma, was visible on the convex surface and a smaller vascular lesion was present on the ear margin. Cytological examination of the smaller mass was suggestive of hemangiosarcoma, and a diagnosis confirmed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical tests. Complete pinnectomy with a wide margin was performed and during the 3-year follow-up, the cat had no local recurrence or metastasis. We conclude that hemangiosarcoma should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis in white-coated cats with an unusual clinical presentation of aural hematoma.Cyclophosphamide is commonly used in combination chemotherapy to treat dogs with lymphoma. The metabolite of cyclophosphamide, acrolein, can irritate urinary bladder and cause sterile hemorrhagic cystitis. Dividing the administration of cyclophosphamide across multiple days may reduce the concentration of this metabolite in urinary bladder and reduce the possibility of cystitis. However, the impact of the therapeutic effect of this modification is not evaluated and compared to traditional single maximum-tolerated dose regimen. Seventy-two dogs with multicentric lymphoma received either bolus doses or divided doses of cyclophosphamide were included in this study. The incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis between 2 cyclophosphamide treatment groups was not significantly different (P = .357). There was no statistical difference in progression-free survival and survival time between 2 groups (P = .267 and P = .346). This modification of cyclophosphamide administration did not reduce the side effect of cystitis or affect remission and survival times in lymphoma dogs.
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