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Malnutrition is common in heart failure (HF), and it is associated with higher hospital readmission and mortality rates. This review aims to answer the question whether nutritional interventions aiming to increase protein and energy intake are effective at improving outcomes for patients with HF who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition or cachexia. Systematic searches of four databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)) were conducted on 21 June 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or other interventional studies using protein or energy supplementation for adult HF patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition or cachexia were included. Two independent reviewers assessed study eligibility and risk of bias. Five studies (four RCTs and one pilot RCT) met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were small and of limited quality. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) for body weight showed a benefit from the nutritional intervention by 3.83 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 7.50, P = 0.04) from three trials with no significant benefit for triceps skinfold thickness (WMD = - 2.14 mm, 95% CI - 9.07 to 4.79, P = 0.55) from two trials. The combination of personalized nutrition intervention with conventional treatment led to a decrease in all-cause mortality and hospital readmission in one study. Findings of this review suggest that nutritional interventions could potentially improve outcomes in HF patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. However, the strength of the evidence is poor, and more robust studies with a larger number of participants are needed.Vaccination coverage against human papilloma virus (HPV) in the United States remains low. This study aimed to identify factors associated with initiation of HPV vaccination among young women and girls in New Orleans, Louisiana. The study was conducted in Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynecology clinics in New Orleans between 2014 and 2017. Surveys were administered to women ages 18 through 26, and guardians of girls ages 12 through 17. Demographics, health history, sources of medical information, knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccination, opinions on vaccination, expected support for vaccination, and systems-level barriers were assessed. Participants self-reported discussion of the vaccine with a healthcare provider, and whether they or their child had been vaccinated. Participants were predominantly black and low-income. Among young adults, 61/121 (50%) had received any doses of the HPV vaccine; 71/94 (75%) of girls had received it (p  less then  0.01). In both groups, knowledge of the HPV vaccine, believing the vaccine was available from their usual healthcare provider, and having discussed the vaccine with their provider were associated with increased odds of vaccination. Among young adults, additional factors associated with vaccination were younger age, distance from a healthcare center, knowledge of HPV, and expectation of support from parents. Among guardians, holding negative views on vaccination was associated with decreased odds of vaccination. Discussion of the vaccine with a healthcare provider was the factor most strongly associated with initiation of HPV vaccination in both groups. The results provided actionable items to increase HPV vaccination uptake in these populations.A series of novel N-substituted α-aminophosphonates-bearing chromone moiety were synthesized and evaluated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities and antioxidant properties. Porcine pancreatic lipase was employed as a catalyst. Inhibitory activity against AChE ranged between 0.103 and 5.781 µM, whereas for BuChE, activities ranged between 8.619 and 18.789 µM. The results show that among the various synthesized compounds, strongest AChE inhibition was found for the compound containing aliphatic amine analogs, while in case of BuChE, aromatic amines showed better activity as compared to aliphatic amines. Compound 4j was found to be the most potent inhibitor of AChE with an IC50 value of 0.103 ± 0.24 μM and inhibited AChE through mixed-type inhibition. Compound 4j was twofolds more potent than tacrine, 35-folds potent than galantamine and 50-folds potent than rivastigmine. Also, docking study revealed that compound 4j binds to both the peripheral anionic site and catalytic anionic site of AChE and BuChE. The antioxidant activities of synthesized compounds were performed against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. DNA nicking activity of selected compounds also suggested that the compounds do not harm plasmid DNA pBR322. Compound 4j also showed significant DNA damage protection activity. Novel N-substituted α-aminophosphonates bearing chromone moiety were synthesized and evaluated for anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-butyrylcholinesterase, antioxidant and DNA damage activities.Recent studies have shown that the level of miR-1202 in peripheral blood is closely related to brain activity and cognitive function in patients with depression, and it is involved in glioma pathological progress. However, the correlation between miR-1202 and neuroinflammation has not been reported. The expressions of miR-1202 and small GTP-ase Rab1a at mRNA level were detected in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation (R) induced human microglial cells (HM cells) by RT-qPCR at different time points within 48 h. Dual luciferase report assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to confirm whether Rab1a was the potential target of miR-1202. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) signal related proteins (TLR4, P65, p-P65, IκBa) and the downstream pro-inflammation factors pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, as well as the inflammation factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were detected by western-blotting. The expression level of TLR4 on cell surface was detected by flow cytometry. Down-regulation of miR-1202 and up-regulation of Rab1a were found in OGD/R induced HM cells. In addition, miR-1202 was identified to directly target Rab1a and down-regulate its expression. Moreover, over-expression of miR-1202 suppressed the activation of TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Rab1a can increase the expression level of TLR4 on the surface of OGD/R induced HM cells. MiR-1202 exerts neuroprotective effect by negatively regulating its target protein Rab1a, which can inactivate TLR4/NF-κB-involved inflammatory signaling pathway in OGD/R induced HM cells. These findings provide potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that progressively disrupts neurocognitive function, which has neither cure nor effective treatment. Hypercholesterolemia might be involved in brain alterations that could evolve into AD. The present study aims to evaluate the potential of omega-3, Co-enzyme Q10 (Co-Q10), as well as their combination in ameliorating hypercholesterolemia-initiated AD-like disease. We adapted a hypercholesterolemic (HC) rat model, a model of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration, to study AD-like pathology. Hypercholesterolemia resulted in increased lipid peroxidation coupled with declined nitric oxide production, reduced glutathione levels, and decreased antioxidant activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the brain. Moreover, hypercholesterolemia resulted in decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels and increased acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) activity, along with an increment of tumor necrosis factor and amyloid-β 42. Behaviorally, HC-rats demonstrated depressive-like behavior and declined memory. Treatment of HC-rats with omega-3 and Co-Q10 (alone or in combination) alleviated the brain oxidative stress and inflammation, regulated cholinergic functioning, and enhanced the functional outcome. These findings were verified by the histopathological investigation of brain tissues. This neuroprotective potential of omega-3 and Co-Q10 was achieved through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, pro-cholinergic, and memory-enhancing activities against HC-induced AD-like disease; suggesting that they may be useful as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against the neurotoxic effects of hypercholesterolemia.In the present study, we used a serum-free culture media to propagate goat putative spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and evaluated the effect of crucial growth factors on relative expression of some SSC markers and self-renewal related genes. The enriched SSCs were cultured on a homologous Sertoli cell feeder layer in KO-DMEM supplemented with 10% KOSR. Putative SSC colonies emerged between day 6 and 10 which were then characterized by the expression of numerous spermatogonial and pluripotency related markers. After 15 days of subculture, the relative mRNA expression study revealed that 40 ng/mL concentration of Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) upregulated the expression of BCL6B, ID4, PLZF, and UCHL1. Moreover, the supplementation of GDNF + bFGF up-regulated the expression of PLZF and BCL6B. UCHL1 expression was higher after addition of GDNF + LIF while, THY1 overexpressed in response to the addition of GDNF + CSF1. These results demonstrated that the goat SSCs were efficiently propagated using a KOSR based serum-free media and the growth factor supplementation markedly influences their gene expression profile.ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE β-Sitosterol is a plant derived compound similar to cholesterol structure and used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer and coronary artery disease. But no studies have been reported the effect of β-sitosterol on glucose homeostasis by sensitization of insulin resistance via enhanced protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in insulin dependent tissues of high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Type 2 diabetes was induced in male albino Wistar rats by feeding them with high fat diet comprising of 84.3% standard laboratory chow, 5% lard, 10% yolk powder, 0.2% cholesterol and 0.5% bile salt for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the animals were kept in an overnight fast and injected with low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5). Analysis of blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin and glycated hemoglobin were done by commercially available diagnostic kits. The PPARγ and GLUT4 were analyzed by western blotting using respective primary and secondary antibodies. RESULTS Upon administration of β-sitosterol at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight per day to high fat diet and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 30 days significantly decreased the levels of plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and glycosylated hemoglobin and increased the levels of insulin, hemoglobin and protein expression of PPARγ and GLUT4 in insulin dependent tissues. Furthermore, β-sitosterol administration prevented the body weight loss and excessive intake of food and water. CONCLUSION These finding suggest that β-sitosterol can replace the commercial drugs which could lead to reduction in toxicity and side effect caused by the later as well as reduce the secondary complications.
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