Notes

Electrochemical Lowering of Carbon Dioxide in Graphene-Based Factors.
Strain FSY-8T showed 71.6-77.2 % average nucleotide identity and 19.9-22.8 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other Novosphingobium species. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain FSY-8T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium ovatum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSY-8T (=BCRC 81051T=LMG 30053T=KCTC 52812T).Two novel bacteria, designated HYN0043T and HYN0046T, were isolated from a freshwater lake in Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny indicated that strain HYN0043T belongs to the genus Mucilaginibacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceae because it showed highest sequence similarity to Mucilaginibacter oryzae (98.2 %). The average nucleotide identity between strain HYN0043T and M. oryzae was 83.5 %, which is clearly below the suggested threshold for species demarcation. Strain HYN0046T was found to belong to the family Moraxellaceae and shared highest sequence similarity with Agitococcus lubricus (93.8 %). The average amino acid identity values between strain HYN0046T and representative type strains of closely related genera (Alkanindiges, Agitococcus and Acinetobacter) were 53.1-60.7 %, implying the novelty of the isolate at the genus level. Phenotypic characteristics (physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic) also supported the taxonomic novelty of the two isolates. Thus, we suggest the following names to accommodate strains HYN0043T and HYN0046T Mucilaginibacter celer sp. nov. (type strain HYN0043T=KACC 19184T=NBRC 112738T) in the family Spingobacteriaceae and phylum Bacteroidetes and Aquirhabdus parva gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain HYN0046T=KACC 19178T=NBRC 112739T) in the family Moraxellaceae and phylum Proteobacteria.A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated CWB-1T, was isolated from a haloalkaline lake sediment sample collected from the bottom of Chaiwopu Lake, Urumchi, Xinjiang Province, PR China. Strain CWB-1T grew at 4-40 °C (optimum, 30-35 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and with 0.5-5.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.5-3.0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the whole genome sequence both revealed that strain CWB-1T belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae. The strain had the highest similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequence to Psychroserpens jangbogonensis PAMC 27130T (92.8 %). The genome of strain CWB-1T was 3 548 011 bp long with 36.3 % DNA G+C content. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) in the CWB-1T cells were iso-C15  0, iso-C17  0 3-OH and summed feature 1 (iso-C15  1 H/C13  0 3-OH). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, as well as the phenotypic characteristics, a novel genus and species of the family Flavobacteriaceae, Paucihalobacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is CWB-1T (=KCTC 72450T=CGMCC 1.17149T).A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-mycelium-forming, motile, rod-shaped with one polar flagellum actinobacterium, designated E918T, was isolated from a desert soil collected in Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain E918T belonged to the genus Arthrobacter and was most closely related to Arthrobacter deserti CGMCC 1.15091T (97.2 % similarity). The peptidoglycan was of the A3α type and the whole-cell sugar profile was found to contain galactose. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unidentified glycolipids. The major fatty acids identified were anteiso-C15  0 and anteiso-C17  0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.69 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain E918T and A. deserti CGMCC 1.15091T were 28.0 and 83.4%, respectively. On the basis of its phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features, strain E918T was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter, for which the name Arthrobacter mobilis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Arthrobacter mobilis is E918T (=JCM 33392T=CGMCC 1.16978T).An actinobacterial strain, designated KUDC0627T, was isolated from rhizospheric soil that contained Elymus tsukushiensis on the Dokdo Islands, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, facultative anaerobic, non-motile and non-endospore-forming cocci. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain KUDC0627T belongs to the genus Microlunatus and is most closely related to Microlunatus soli DSM 21800T (98.5 %), Microlunatus endophyticus DSM 100019T (97.7 %) and Microlunatus ginsengisoli Gsoil 633T (96.5 %). The average nucleotide identity scores and average amino acid identity values were all below the 95.0 % cut-off point. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization, using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator, estimated that there is 22.3 % DNA relatedness between KUDC0627T and M. soli DSM 21800T. The genomic DNA G+C content was 66.9 mol%. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4) and the major diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ll-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipid profile included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phospholipids, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15  0, anteiso-C15  0 and iso-C16  0. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data, strain KUDC0627T (=KCTC 39853T=JCM 32702T) represents a novel species, for which the name Microlunatus elymi sp. nov. is proposed.A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide in the northwest Indian Ocean Ridge and designated as strain IOP_32T. Strain IOP_32T could grow at 4-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 5-9 (optimum, pH 7-8) and salinity of 0-12 % NaCl (w/v; optimum, 2-3 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain IOP_32T is most similar to Bizionia fulviae EM7T, Bizionia berychis RA3-3-1T, Bizionia paragorgiae KMM 6029T and Oceanihabitans sediminis S9_10T with 95.5-95.3 % similarity. The phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain IOP_32T forms a distinct lineage with Flaviramulus ichthyoenteri Th78T within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and percentage of conserved protein values between strain IOP_32T and the type strains of close genera were 72.3-78.5 %, 67.4-76.9 % and 56.3-61.6 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15  0. The respiratory quinone was MK-6. The polar lipids were mainly composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid and five unidentified polar lipids. Strain IOP_32T is significantly different from related genera, which is reflected by the wide adaptability to temperature and salinity levels, the composition of phospholipids and fatty acids, and the results of phylogenetic analyses. The phenotypic properties and phylogenetic data suggest that the lineage represents a novel genus and species within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Wocania indica gen. sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain IOP_32T (=MCCC 1A14017 T=KCTC 62660 T). We also propose the reclassification of Flaviramulus ichthyoenteri as Wocania ichthyoenteri comb. nov. (Th78T=DSM 26285T=JCM 18634T=KCTC 32142T).The outcome of Leishmania infection is strongly influenced by the host's genetic background. BALB/c mice are susceptible to Leishmania infection, while C57BL/6 mice show discrete resistance. Central to the fate of the infection is the availability of l-arginine and the related metabolic processes in the host and parasite. Depending on l-arginine availability, nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) of the host cell produces nitric oxide (NO) controlling the parasite growth. On the other hand, Leishmania can also use host l-arginine for the production of polyamines through its own arginase activity, thus favouring parasite replication. Considering RNA-seq data, we analysed the dual modulation of host and parasite gene expression of BALB/c or C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) after 4 h of infection with Leishmania amazonensis wild-type (La-WT) or L. amazonensis arginase knockout (La-arg-). We identified 12 641 host transcripts and 8282 parasite transcripts by alignment analysis with the respective Muarasite gene expression modulation, including amino acid uptake and amastin expression.A Gram-stain-negative, moderately halophilic strain, designated strain L5T, was isolated from wetsalted hides collected from Chengdu, south-west PR China. The cells were motile, facultative aerobic, short rod-shaped and non-endospore-forming. Growth of strain L5T occurred at pH 6-10 (optimum, pH 8), 10-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and in the presence of 1-17 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 10 %). Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD gene sequences and its genome revealed that strain L5T belonged to the genus Halomonas. Strain L5T was found to be most closely related to the type strains of Halomonas saliphila, Halomonas lactosivorans, Halomonas kenyensis, Halomonas daqingensis and Halomonas desiderata (98.8, 98.6, 98.3, 97.9 and 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). The draft genome was approximately 4.2 Mb in size with a G+C content of 63.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values among strain L5T and the selected Halomonas species were 83.3-88.9 % (ANIm), 71.1-87.3 % (ANIb) and 20.2-34.6 %, which are below the recommended cutoff values. Major fatty acids were C16  0, C16  1 ω7c, C18  1 ω7c and C19  0 cyclo ω8c and the predominant ubiquinone was Q-9, with minor ubiquinone Q-8 also present. The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, four unidentified aminophospholipids and three unidentified phospholipids. Based on the mentioned polyphasic taxonomic evidence, strain L5T represents a novel species within the genus Halomonas, for which Halomonas pellis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L5T (=CGMCC 1.17335T=KCTC 72573T).A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, coccus-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic and pink-pigmented bacterium, designated strain CQN31T, was isolated from sediment of Changqiaohai Lake, Yunnan Province, China. Growth occurred at 4-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 6.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). C18  1ω7c/C18  1ω6c and C16  0 were the predominant fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PME) and one unidentified aminolipid (AL) were the major polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71.5 %. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain CQN31T shared 96.8 % similarity with Roseomonas wooponensis JCM 19527T and 95.9 % with R. terricola EM0302T. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CQN31T and Roseomonas stagni DSM 19981T, R. rosea DSM 14916T and R. mucosa NCTC 13291T were 21.0, 19.4 and 19.8 %, respectively.
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