Notes

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Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of inpatients with the indication of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) therapy and combined acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE). Methods We retrospectively screened 8 641 inpatients who admitted with the indication of CIED implantation in Fuwai Hospital from January 2014 to May 2019. The clinical characteristics, management strategies and clinical outcome were analyzed for patients diagnosed as APTE. Results APTE were identified in 45 (5‰) patients in this cohort, there were 18(40%) male patients, the average age was (73±8) years old and body mass index was (27±10) kg/m2.Thirty-two (70%) patients were at intermediate-risk and 13 (30%) at low-risk. Anti-coagulation therapy was initiated in 38(84%) patients, and 30 patients underwent CIED implantation (27 pacemaker, 2 CRT and 1 ICD). No postoperative bleeding or pocket hematoma were detected in the 23 patients taking anticoagulation medication before implantation. During an average of (30±7) months' follow up, thrombus was dissolved in 20 patients, hemorrhage complications were observed in 2 patients (1 cerebral hemorrhage and 1 hematuria), anticoagulation therapy was discontinued in these 2 patients. Among 15 patients without immediate CIED implantation and treated with anticoagulation therapy during hospitalization, 2 patients developed complete paroxysmal Ⅲ° atrioventricular block, and recovered after therapy during hospitalization. Seven patients were re-hospitalized for CIED implantation due to bradycardia. Five patients died during follow-up (3 sudden cardiac death, 1 APTE combined with cerebral infarction, and 1 pulmonary infection). Conclusion APTE is not rare in patients with the indication of CIED implantation, CIED implantation and anti-coagulation therapy are safe for these patients, and transient atrioventricular block could be detected in APTE patients.Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and gene mutation, and analyze the association between genotype and phenotype of hereditary protein S deficiency in a Chinese pedigree. Methods Hereditary protein S deficiency was diagnosed in January 2016 in our hospital. A total of 26 family members were surveyed in this study. Blood samples and clinical data were collected from them, and mutations were identified by Sanger sequencing. Pathogenicity of gene mutations was predicted by protein function prediction software including SIFT, PolyPhen_2, nsSNPAnalyzer and MutPred2. Swiss Model (https//swissmodel.expasy.org/) was used to perform homology modeling of the tertiary structure of the protein S wild-type and mutant-type, and observe the impact of gene mutation on the tertiary structure of the protein. Results Four out of 26 family members of 4 generations were clinically diagnosed with hereditary protein S deficiency. The proband presented with recurrent pulmonary embolism and venous thromboembolism of the lower extremities, and her uncle and mother had a history of venous thromboembolism. Sequencing revealed a mutation in the c.200A>C gene in the second exon of the PROS1 gene of proband and part of her families (Ⅱ2, Ⅱ6, Ⅲ4, Ⅳ2). The prediction results of this gene mutation performed by SIFT, PolyPhen_2, nsSNPAnalyzer, MutPred2 were all harmful. The results of Swiss-Model homology modeling showed that the 67th amino acid was mutated from glutamic acid to alanine because of this gene mutation. Conclusion A gene mutation cDNA (c. 200A>T) is identified in a Chinese pedigree with hereditary protein S deficiency. This gene mutation may reduce protein S activity, which may cause recurrent pulmonary embolism and venous thromboembolism of the patients.Plague is listed by the WHO as one of 20 infectious diseases that have re-emerged. Plague was prevalent in the world, bringing great disaster to the people around the world. Nowadays, great achievements have been made in the prevention and control of plague in our country. Human plague in China is currently sporadic, but there are still risks of resurgence spread and importation. This paper reviews the incidence of human plague globally and in China in the past ten years, summarizes the characteristics of current plague epidemic globally and in China, analyzes the current risks of plague prevention in China, and puts forward relevant countermeasures.Cohort study is one of the basic methods used in epidemiological research. With the development of the etiological analysis of complex diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, large natural population-based cohort study has become a popular topic in medical research. In the process of cohort development, one of the important issues is to ensure the efficiency and safety on data collection. As a database management system, with open source, free clinical research data collection and high quality, REDCap can widely be applied in large population-based cohort studies. This article summarizes the baseline survey and follow-up procedures on cohort studies and introduces a REDCap-system-based solution for data collection and management. Contents on the establishment of data working groups, data collection, cohort follow-up methods and field application are also discussed in this paper, in order to improve the efficiency of data collection and management in cohort study to help the development of cohort study in China.Objective To systematically review the quality of life of esophageal cancer patients in China. Methods Based on CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed and EMbase database, related articles published from January 2009 to August 2019 were systematically retrieved. We extracted the basic information, synthesized and summarized related instruments evaluation results. Results A total of 127 studies were included (121 in Chinese, 6 in English), involving 26 provinces, of which 79 studies were published in the past 5 years and only 4 studies were multicenter study. More than half of included studies had a sample size of less then 150 cases (72 studies). Most studies were from the medical care and nursing field (58 studies) and were about the evaluation and comparison of treatments and medicine (40 studies). Six specific tools, including most commonly used Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) reported in 74 studies, 4 generic instruments, including most commonly used 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) reported in 17 studies and several self-designed questionnaires, were used. All the instruments focused on physical, physiological and social dimensions, but the specific contents and numbers of items were different. The index of quality of life used were dimension scores and total scores, and only 2 studies were about the health-related utility of esophageal cancer patients. Conclusions In China, the research on the quality of life of esophageal cancer patients increased rapidly over the past decade, but most were single-center and small sample studies. The esophageal cancer-specific QLQ-C30 and generic SF-36 were the most commonly used instruments in the studies. The medical care and nursing and evaluation of treatments were the main concerns, but the research on health utility scores of esophageal cancer was still limited in China.Objective To explore the correlation between alcohol drinking and high-risk sexual behaviors in HIV negative clients of female sex workers and provide scientific evidence for prevention of HIV sexual transmission. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in HIV negative clients in Ji'nan and Haikou from December 2018 to May 2019. The estimated sample size was 337, the information about their demographic characteristics, AIDS knowledge awareness, sexual behaviors and alcohol drinking habit were collected through convenience sampling. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 24.0 software. Results A total of 381 clients were included in this study. Most of them were less than 40 years old, accounting for 89.2% (340/381); 85.3% of them (325/381) reported an education level of high school and above; the clients who were married, had cohabitation with females or had girl friends accounted for 53.2% (202/380). The overall awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was 83.7% (318/380). Of all participants, 80.8% (308/381) h.Objective To evaluate the association between parental alcohol use and alcohol use in children and adolescents in China and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of alcohol use in children and adolescents. Methods A total of 2 785 children and adolescents aged 8-17 years selected through convenient cluster sampling from urban area of Ji'nan, Shandong province were recruited. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information about alcohol use from the participants and their parents. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between parental alcohol use and alcohol use in children and adolescents. Results The prevalence of alcohol use in children and adolescents, fathers and mothers were 11.2% (n=311), 58.6%(n=1 633), and 7.3%(n=204), respectively. Compared with children and adolescents with fathers who did not drink, those with fathers who drunk frequently (OR=1.36, 95%CI 1.03-1.80) and abused alcohol (OR=2.09, 95%CI 1.44-3.05) were more likely to drink alcohol. Compared with children and adolescents with mothers who did not drink, those with mothers who drunk frequently were also more likely to drink alcohol (OR=2.72, 95%CI 1.89-3.91). Compared with children and adolescents with parents who did not drink, those with either of parents who drunk frequently (OR=1.58, 95%CI 1.20-2.09), or with both parents who drunk frequently (OR=4.12, 95%CI 2.73-6.20) were more likely to use alcohol. In subgroup analyses by sex and age, the results in boys and adolescents aged 13-17 years were similar with the overall results. However, father's alcohol abuse or frequent drinking of both father and mother was associated with alcohol use in girls and children aged 8-12 years. Conclusions Parental alcohol use might be one important influencing factor of alcohol use in children and adolescents. Parental alcohol use should be considered in the establishment of the strategies for prevention and control alcohol use in children and adolescents.Objective To explore the current status of HBV infection before pregnancy among rural childbearing age people in Yunnan province, find out the population at high risk and areas with high incidence and provide evidence for promoting pre-pregnancy aristogenesis and medical interventions for prevention of HBV infection. Methods The subjects in the study were rural childbearing age people aged 18-49 who received the national free pre pregnancy eugenic health examination in Yunnan province during 2013-2017. Descriptive analysis was conducted for HBsAg positive rate and its difference among various characteristics. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 2 180 841 rural childbearing age people were surveyed, the HBsAg positive rate before pregnancy was 3.13%(68 314/2 180 841) in Yunnan. And the HBsAg positive rate was 3.56% (37 694/1 057 376) in men, higher than that in women (2.73%, 30 620/1 123 465). The HBsAg positive rate was highest in age group 41-49 years (3.77%, 3 126/82pment level. The HBsAg positive rate was higher in men, older age and lower education level, minority ethnic group (especially in Yao ethnic group), from Xishuangbanna prefecture and the poor living conditions in childbearing age population.Objective To analyze the effectiveness and immunogenicity of enterovirus-A71(EV-A71) vaccine in immunization program. Methods A cohort study was conducted in immunization clinics in Jing'an district in Shanghai from October to December 2017. Children who received EV-A71 vaccine based on a 2-dose schedule (on day 0 and day 30) were enrolled as vaccine group and those who received no EV-A71 vaccine were enrolled as control group. After 1-year follow-up, the effectiveness and neutralizing antibody level and the positive results of antibody immunogenicity in vaccine group were analyzed. Results A total of 3 018 children aged 8-20 months were enrolled, in whom 1 211 were in vaccine group and 1 807 were in control group. The vaccine effectiveness was 100% against EV-A71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) indicated by 1 year follow-up (95%CI -66.99%-100.00%). The geometric mean titer of neutralizing antibody (GMT) was 41.76 (95%CI 35.60-49.34) at day 60 and 28.44(95%CI 23.59-34.54) at day 365 in 124 children in vaccine group. Conclusions In children, EV-A71 vaccine elicited EV-A71-specific immune response. Less EV-A71-associated HFMD cases have been observed, further observation is needed.Objective To investigate the blood pressure control and its influencing factors in hypertension patients with MS. Methods Between January 2017 and December 2018, more than 78 000 residents aged 35-75 years selected through convenient sampling were invited to participant in China Patient-Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Event Million Persons Project in Fujian province, physical and laboratory tests were conducted for them, and their basic information were recorded. A total of 5 281 hypertension patients with MS were included in the study. Results The treatment rate of hypertension patients with MS was 55.5%, and the control rate was 7.2%. The control rate was higher in patients who were older, women, had advanced education level, had history or family history of cardiovascular disease. The results of multivariate analysis indicated that living area (urban or rural), cardiovascular history, diabetes, urine protein, BMI had impacts on both treatment and control of hypertension. Family history of cardiovascular disease, age, self-management of hypertension, dyslipidemia, waist circumference and drinking had impacts on the treatments, and gender had effects on the control. Conclusions The treatment rate of hypertension patients with MS was unsatisfactory and the control rate was low. Intervention should be strengthened in rural area, males and young age groups, and activity of self-management group of hypertension should be conducted regularly.Objective To understand the detection capacities of the laboratories in medical institutions in national sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance areas in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the applications of STD tests in laboratories of the medical institutions in 105 STD surveillance areas in China, the proportion of each STD test application was calculated and the differences among medical institutions were compared. Results In 752 medical institutions, the proportions of Treponema pallidum serological test and non-Treponema pallidum serological test applications were 97.5% (733/752) and 91.4% (687/752), respectively. The proportions of gonococcal culture and Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid test applications were 48.4% (364/752) and 23.4% (176/752), respectively. The application proportions of all tests for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) were less than 40%. In medical institutions at provincial, prefectural and county levels, tbut there were insufficient use of tests for gonococcal culture and Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid. The application proportions of STD tests vary in medical institutions at different levels and with different types and ownerships, and the development of STD testing is unbalanced in different areas. It is necessary to strengthen the capacity building of gonococcal culture and Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid test, and strengthen the capacity building of STD testing in grassroots, private/joint venture medical institutions and those in underdeveloped western areas.Objective To analyze the epidemic situation and influencing factors of plague in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous prefectures (Dehong) from 1950 to 2019, for the improvement of strategies on prevention and control of the disease. Methods The epidemic situation and surveillance data of animal and human plague in Dehong prefecture from 1950 to 2019 were collected and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods. Multiple linear regression equations were established by SPSS 20.0 software to analyze the relationship between plague among animals and rat density and flea index, as well as the relationship between human plague and plague among animals. Results In Dehong prefecture, plague experienced a phenomenon of epidemic-resting-epidemic-resting cycle, between 1950 and 2019. During this period, 614 epidemic spots were identified in 36 townships of five counties/cities,. Human plague had been prevalent for 15 years, with 1 153 human cases and 379 deaths involved. Between 1982 and 2019, 261 319 rodents were capes as careful surveillance programs on animals, need to be strenthened.Objective To explore the impact of achievement of the "90-90-90" goals on reductions in HIV incidence in Shandong province. Methods An algebraic method was developed to link new HIV infections and the "90-90-90" goals in Shandong province. The risk estimation equation was used to analyze the effect of achievement of the "90-90-90" goals on reductions of HIV incidence, and explore the impact of application of antiviral therapy based prevention and control strategy on reduction of new HIV infections. Results If "90-90-90" goals were achieved in 2020 in Shandong compared with annual new HIV infections in 2010, the percentage of reduction would be 17.27%, 35.99% and 67.55% respectively when transmission rate decreased by 26.00%, 53.00% and 96.00% respectively. Compared with 2017, when the transmission rate decreased by 53.00%, the annual new HIV infections would has a decrease of 10.10% if the rates of diagnosis and ART reached 90.00%; the annual new HIV infections would has a decrease of 20.80% if the rates of diagnosis and viral suppression reached 90.00%; the annual new HIV infections would has a decrease of 12.29% if the rates of ART and viral suppression reached 90.00%. Conclusions HIV incidence would decrease with the achievement of "90-90-90" goals in Shandong. Compared with the improvement of ART, the improvement in diagnosis of HIV infection and viral suppression would result in more rapid decrease of new HIV infections. Besides expanding ART coverage, more attention should be paid to the strengthening of the diagnosis of HIV infection and viral suppression in Shandong.Objective To understand epidemiological characteristics of imported cases of malaria in Shandong province and provide scientific basis for timely adjustment of prevention and control measures. Methods The incidence data of malaria, case investigation data and case review data by Shandong Provincial Reference Laboratory for Malaria Diagnosis from 2017 to 2018 were collected. Software SPSS 18.0 was used for statistical analysis and software QGIS 2.18 was used for mapping. Results A total of 442 imported cases of malaria were reported in Shandong from 2017 to 2018, and the main infection source was in Africa (97.96%, 433/442). All the 17 prefectures in Shandong reported imported malaria cases, mainly in Jining (88 cases), Yantai (65 cases), Weihai (46 cases), Qingdao (44 cases) and Dezhou (42 cases), accounting for 64.48% (285/442). The cases were distributed in 77.37%(106/137) of counties of the province. The cases were reported in every month without seasonal characteristics. The median (M) of time interval between onset and the first medical care seeking was 2 days, and the interquartile range (IQR) was 3 days. The M of time interval between the first medical care seeking and final diagnosis was 0 day, and the IQR was 3 days. The proportion of medical care seeking on onset day was only 27.83% (123/442). Only 69.68% (308/442) of cases were diagnosed with malaria in the first medical care seeking, and the diagnostic accuracy of medical institutions below the county level was lower than other medical institutions (all P0.05). Conclusions The imported malaria in Shandong was characterized by a large number of cases, multiple infection sources and wide area distribution during 2017-2018. The awareness of timely medical care seeking in the cases was low, meanwhile the awareness and ability of malaria diagnosis and treatment in primary medical institutions were still inadequate. It is necessary to adjust the prevention and control measures accordingly.Objective To compare the indicators of non-communicable diseases (NCD) and predict the achieving time of United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in 125 countries participating in the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative and China. Methods Using the open access data of Global Burden of Disease study, we first got the premature mortality rates of four main chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases) and suicide mortality rate in the 126 countries from1990 to 2017. We transformed the value of each indicator into a scale of 0-100 in percentile for each country and applied geometric mean to calculate total NCD score for comparison among 126 countries. We then examined the association of NCD scores with socio-demographic index (SDI) values. Finally, we used annualized rates of change during 1990-2015 to predict achieving time of the UN goal by 2030 for each indicator of chronic diseases premature mortality rate and suicide mortality rates in each B&R countreople and improve people's health in countries along B&R.Objective To investigate the relationship between smoking status and the onset age of stomach cancer patients and estimate the patients' direct medical cost burden of stomach cancer due to smoking in Anhui province. Methods The information about the primary stomach cancer patients and their direct treatment expenditures in 10 cancer-registered areas in Anhui were collected in 2017. The association between smoking status and the age of onset of stomach cancer patients was analyzed by univariate regression and multivariate logistic regression models. The median and smoking-attributed risk method was used to describe the direct treatment expenditure of stomach cancer patients in Anhui due to smoking. Results A total of 736 patients with stomach cancer were analyzed in this study. Univariate regression analysis showed that rural household registration (t=2.091, P=0.037), smoking (t=-2.357, P=0.001 9) and alcohol consumption (t=-2.036, P=0.042) were related to the age of onset of stomach cancer. After adjusting for gender, alcohol consumption, body mass index and household registration type, the risk of early stomach cancer in people who quitted smoking cessation was lower than that in smokers (OR=0.36, 95%CI 0.17-0.75). The total direct medical cost burden of 736 newly diagnosed stomach cancer patients was 6.939 6 million RMB. The direct medical expenditure in stomach cancer patients who had smoking behavior was higher than that in stomach cancer patients who quitted smoking and never smoked. Conclusions Smoking is one of the risk factors for the earlier onset of stomach cancer in Anhui. It is necessary to strengthen tobacco control to reduce the economic burden of patients with stomach cancer.Objective To analyze the trends of mortality and years of life lost (YLL) of breast cancer in women in Tianjin and provide references for the development of intervention strategies. Methods The crude mortality rate, standard mortality rate, cumulative rate (0-74 years old) and truncated rate (35-64 years old) of breast cancer in women in Tianjin from 1999 to 2017 were calculated. The annual percentage change of the mortality rate and YLL rate were analyzed by Joinpoint regression. Results From 1999 to 2017, a total of 8 356 deaths of breast cancer were reported in Tianjin, resulting in a YLL of 262 835.53 person-years. The average crude mortality rate was 9.15/100 000. The average age standardized rate(ASR) (World) was 6.14/100 000. The ratio of ASR (World) between urban and rural areas was 1.73∶1. The peak mortality ratio of age groups between urban area and rural area was 3.13∶1. From 1999 to 2017, both the crude mortality rate and ASR of breast cancer in Tianjin had rising trends. In 2017, the crude mortality rate and the ASR of breast cancer increased by 113.7% and 44.4% respectively compared with 1999. The increase of urban mortality mainly came from elderly group aged ≥75 years, and the mortality of young age groups in rural area showed an fast increases, which was most obvious in age group 45-59 years (average annual percentage change=3.6%, P less then 0.01). Conclusions The mortality rate of breast cancer and disease burden in women in Tianjin are still in rapid increase. We should continue to implement the prevention and control strategies such as lifestyle intervention and screening of key groups. More attention need to be paid to the increase of breast cancer incidence in rural area.Objective To accurately estimate the health burden and corresponding economic loss attributed to PM(2.5) pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area in China in 2015. Method By using satellite-retrieved PM(2.5) concentration data and population data provided by NASA (the spatial resolution was 1 km×1 km), this study estimated excess mortality attributed to long-term PM(2).5 exposure in BTH area in 2015 based on Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM). Besides, Value of Statistic Life (VSL) method was used to evaluate the corresponding health economic loss. Result In BTH area, the population-weighted average PM(2.5) concentration during 2012-2014 was 46.25 μg/m(3), and 56.6% of total population lived in the area where annual average PM(2.5) concentration exceeded Grade Ⅱ of National Ambient Air Quality Standard in China (35 μg/m(3)); The PM(2.5)-related premature deaths amounted to 193.8 thousand (95%CI 140.9 thousand-233.3 thousand), Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Handan were the top five cities with high incidences of PM(2.5)-related premature deaths; The corresponding health economic loss was about 35.934 billion (95%CI 26.099 billion - 43.255 billion) RMB, accounting for 0.70% (95%CI 0.51%-0.85%) of the area's GDP in 2015, Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Cangzhou were the top five cities with high health economic loss. Conclusions PM(2.5) pollution has caused severe disease and economic burden in BTH area. Its spatial distribution suggested that it is particularly necessary to develop the air pollution prevention and control policies for key cities.Objective To explore the relationship between sedentary time and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adults in China. Methods Data collected from the Chinese Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance (CCDRFS) in 2010 were used as baseline data. Eight provinces where CCDRFS were conducted in 2010 were selected, and two surveillance spots (one in urban area and another one in rural area) of each provinces were further selected for the follow-up studies. After excluding diagnosed diabetes patients according to baseline data, a total of 8 625 of subjects were recruited as participants. In the follow up carried out from 2016 to 2017, a total of 5 991 people received complete follow up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the relationship between sedentary time and the incidence of type 2 diabetes, and subgroup analysis was conducted based on variables such as gender, geographic area, and urban area or rural areas. Results A total of 5 782 subjects were included in final analysis. During an average 6.4 years of follow up (36 927.0 person-years), 592 participants developed type 2 diabetes, the incidence rate was 16.0 per 1 000 person years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that after adjustment for possible confounders, compared with the 0.0-h/d group, the risk of diabetes incidence increased by 33% (HR=1.33, 95%CI 1.05-1.68) for those who had sedentary time for more than 6.0 h every day. The subgroup analysis showed that the significant association was only observed in those who were men, current smokers, central obese, had family history of diabetes, had rural residency, and lived in eastern and central areas of China. Conclusions Longer sedentary time can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle intervention should be strengthened to reduce sedentary time, especially for people who had sedentary time for more than 6.0 h every day.Objective To explore the time series characteristics of 5 types of viral hepatitis in China and predict their incidence through effective models. Methods The monthly incidence data of 5 types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D and unspecified) in China from 2009 to 2018 were collected for descriptive and time series analyses, decomposition methods were used to explore the seasonality in the form of seasonal indices and the long-term trend in the form of a linear regression model. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were established for each type of viral hepatitis. Results From 2009 to 2018, a total of 14 856 990 cases of viral hepatitis were reported, the seasonal index range of 5 types of viral hepatitis were all lower than 1, the seasonality of hepatitis E was significant, and its incidence was unimodal, but no obvious seasonality characteristics were observed for other four types of viral hepatitis. The incidences of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and unspecified hepatitis remained at lower levels, showing slow declines. Although the cases of hepatitis B accounted for the highest proportion (79.59%, 11 824 262/14 856 990) among 5 types of viral hepatitis, the decline was fastest (-0.01/100 000). The incidence of hepatitis C was on rise, and the rate of increase remained stable (0.005/100 000). The predicted incidences of 5 types of viral hepatitis in China from January 2009 to December 2018 fitted by ARIMA model were consistent with the actual incidences, and the mean absolute error percentage (MAPE) ranged from 3.756 8 to 8.068 3. Conclusions Time series analysis on surveillance data is useful for better understanding the incidence of the viral hepatitis. The ARIMA model has good application value in the short-term prediction of viral hepatitis incidence in China.Objective To analyze the characteristics and trends of newly reported HIV infection cases in young students in China between 2010 and 2019 and provide evidence for the formulation of AIDS prevention and control measures in young students. Methods Data were collected from the Basic Web-based HIV/AIDS Case Reporting System. The HIV infection cases in students aged 15-24 years reported between 2010 and 2019 were selected. Their basic characteristics were described, and Joinpoint Regression Model was used to analyze the temporal trends of new diagnosis rates in different age groups. Results A total of 23 307 HIV/AIDS cases were reported in young students, the male to female ratio was 33.9∶1 (22 640∶667), and the mean age was (19.9±2.05) years. The temporal trends of new diagnosis rates showed two stages, it increased rapidly between 2010 and 2015 (annual percentage changes, APC=32.1), and kept stable between 2015 and 2019 (APC=0.1, P>0.05). The new diagnosis rates in all age groups showed increasing trends betweeverage in students.Objective To evaluate the association of abdominal obesity and obesity types with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in children and provide scientific evidence for the prevention of abnormal vascular structure. Methods Based on the "Children's Cardiovascular Health Cohort" conducted in Huantai county of Zibo, Shandong province from November 2017 to January 2018, a total of 1 240 children, including 657 boys (53.0%), who had completed data of sex, age, physical examinations, blood biochemical indices and lifestyle variables (collected by questionnaires) were included for the analysis. Covariance analysis was used to compare the levels of cIMT in groups with normal waist circumference, pre-abdominal obesity and abdominal obesity. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of pre-abdominal obesity and abdominal obesity with high cIMT, and the association of combined effect of general overweight or obesity and abdominal obesity or pre-abdominal obesity with high cIMT. Results The levels abdominal obesity and high cIMT was significant in children, and the association was stronger between mixed overweight or obesity and high cIMT, suggesting that we should consider mixed overweight and obesity in the prevention of abnormal vascular structure.Objective To analyze the trends in blood pressure (BP) values and the elevated BP based on the measurements at three occasions in different days and its relationship with obesity in children and provide scientific evidence for the identification and prevention of hypertension in children. Methods A public primary school in Huantai county of Zibo, Shandong province, was selected as the investigation field by using a convenient cluster sampling method. The baseline survey of "Children's Cardiovascular Health Cohort" was carried out from November 2017 to January 2018. All the students with willingness and informed consent in this school were included in the survey, and the valid sample size was 1 505 children (aged 6-11 years). Children with elevated BP at the measurement of the first occasion should had a second measurement 2 weeks later, and a third measurement was given 2 weeks later if BP was still high at the measurement of the second occasion. Hypertension was confirmed if elevated BP was detected in the m 95%CI 3.48-22.96; all P less then 0.05). Stratified analysis by gender showed similar results. Conclusions The elevated BP rates based on the measurements at three occasions in different days in children aged 6-11 years showed a significant decrease trend. The association between different types of obesity (especially mixed obesity) and elevated BP in children became stronger gradually with the progress of the follow up.Objective To analyze the influence of different number of blood pressure measurement on the detection of elevated blood pressure in Tibetan adolescents and provide scientific reference for standardizing the number of blood pressure measurement and accurately diagnosing elevated blood pressure in adolescents. Methods Data were from the project "survey of the risk factors for elevated blood pressure among Tibetan adolescents" conducted from August to September 2018 in Shigatse in Tibet. A total of 2 822 Tibetan adolescents aged 12-17 years, including 1 275 boys (45.2%), were recruited by a convenient, stratified cluster sampling method. Each participant underwent three consecutive blood pressure measurements. Elevated blood pressure was defined according to the Health Industry Criterion of China WS/T 610-2018 "Reference of screening for elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years" . Analysis of variance and χ(2) test were used to analyze the effect of different blood pressure measuremlescents.Objective To analyze the association between the endurance quality and blood pressure levels in Han students aged 13-18 years in China. Methods We used the data of Han students aged 13-18 years from 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health. Elevated blood pressure and its components, including isolated elevated SBP, isolated elevated DBP, and mix elevated blood pressure, were evaluated according to the reference of screening for elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. The students' endurance quality was scored according to the National Standards for Students' Physical Health (2014 revision) and categorized based on their percentiles into four groups as follows P(0)-, P(25)-, P(50)-, and P(75)-P(100). Trend χ(2) test was used to analyze the trend of the detection rates of elevated blood pressure and its components in different groups of endurance quality. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for elevated blood pressure and isociated with the endurance quality, and the DBP levels at the P(25) and above group were negatively associated with the endurance quality. In malnourished and normal students, only some levels of DBP were negatively associated with the endurance quality. Conclusions The negative association existed between endurance quality and elevated blood pressure in Han students aged 13-18 years in China. In overweight and obese students, the association between endurance quality and blood pressure level was stronger. Improving students' endurance quality may facilitate the prevention of elevated blood pressure.Most cardiovascular disease (CVD) related risk factors are prevalent in children and adolescents, especially obesity, elevated blood pressure (BP) and increased unhealthy lifestyle. To prevent CVD in adulthood, it is necessary to attach importance to the prevention and control of CVD risk factors in childhood. Of note, the prevention of childhood obesity is key measure, the control of childhood BP is the first goal, and the development of healthy lifestyle is important basis. The prevention and control of CVD risk factors in childhood can benefit the future prevention and treatment of CVD in adulthood, provide scientific base for the prevention and intervention of cardiovascular risk factors in childhood, and provide new perspective for the early prevention of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis, which not only endangers health of the people but also affects the development of animal husbandry, tourism and international trade as well as food safety. In the past two decades, great progress has been achieved in the prevention and control of both human and animal brucellosis, however, tremendous challenges still exists in the control and eradication of brucellosis, especially in the developing countries. In recent years, along with the increase of livestock breeding and animal or related product trade, human contacts with livestock has increased, resulting in the expansion of brucellosis endemic areas. In China, the brucellosis endemic areas are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia and adjacent provinces, which might be explained by a lot of reasons, such as the development of animal husbandry, emerging and re-emerging of brucellosis endemic area and the movement of infection sources and degree of paid-attention. This paper summarizes the current status and progress in brucellosis prevention/control and surveillance in China and puts forward suggestions for the future improvement.Objective Based on an investigation of an outbreak of COVID-19 in Nanchang, to understand the transmission process, analyze the infectivity of the cases in incubation period and asymptomatic carrier, and evaluate the transmission risks in different exposures. Methods Case investigation was based on the traditional epidemiological survey, combined with analysis based on big data about population movement trajectories. Transmission chain was identified to indicate transmission relationship. Results A total of 27 cases were found in this cluster epidemic, including 25 confirmed cases, 1 suspected case (index case) and 1 asymptomatic carrier. A total of 347 close contacts were found. The secondary attack rate was 7.2% (25/347). The infection rates in close contacts of the first, second, third and fourth generation cases were 52.6% (10/19), 6.1% (13/213), 2.3% (2/88) and 0.0% (0/27), respectively. Asymptomatic carrier caused household transmission. The infection rates in close contacts after having meals, sharing rooms/beds, having work contacts, having neighbor contacts, having same time medical services or sharing wards and sharing vehicles with the patients were 10.6%(17/160), 10.0%(20/201), 5.3%(5/94), 0.0%(0/30), 0.0%(0/18) and 0.0%(0/17), respectively. Conclusions The infection source of this cluster epidemic was a suspected case from Wuhan. Analysis based on big data about population movement trajectories can help to search the cases and close contacts accurately. The proposed epidemic prevention and control measures based on this investigation were effective.Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the cases firstly reported as "asymptomatic infection of COVID-19" in Guangdong province. Methods The follow-up observation method was used to continuously track and observe the cases firstly reported as "asymptomatic patients with COVID-19" in Guangdong province from January 14 to March 31, 2020. The epidemiological data of the cases were collected to analyze their epidemiological characteristics, outcome and influencing factors. Results From January 14 to March 31, 2020, a total of 325 cases were firstly reported as "asymptomatic infections of COVID-19" in Guangdong province. The epidemic curve of asymptomatic infection cases was similar to that of confirmed cases, and it had two peaks. The first peak was from January 27 to February 5, and the second peak was from March 17 to March 26. Of the 325 cases, 184 (56.6%) were subsequently converted to confirmed cases. These cases were defined as incubation period asymptomatic infection cases. The age medtic infection cases to confirmed cases, to which more attention should be paid. Further serological investigations are needed to provide a basis for the development of COVID-19 prevention and control strategies.The COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis and the greatest challenge that we are currently facing. The key to the management of infectious diseases worldwide is to abide by international regulations and conduct international cooperation in pursuit of common interests and values. WHO is the specialized international organization, under the United Nations system, to manage and control the spread of diseases. This study Summecrizes the WHO's response mechanisms for infectious diseases, response measures and the direction of efforts to combat COVID-19, with a view to provide advices for the control of COVID-19 pandemic.The central air conditioning ventilation system plays an important role in the air circulation of buildings such as centralized isolation medical observation points and general public buildings. In order to meet the requirements of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control, Beijing Preventive Medicine Association organized Beijing CDC and other professional institutes to write up the group standard entitled "Technical specification for health risk investigation of central air conditioning ventilation system during the COVID-19 epidemic (T/BPMA 0006-2020)" . According to the particularity of central air conditioning ventilation system risk control during the outbreak of similar respiratory infectious diseases, based on current laws and regulations and the principle of scientific, practical, consistency and normative, 8 key points of risk investigations were summarized, which were the location of fresh air outlet, air conditioning mode, air return mode, air system, air distribution, fresh air volume, exhaust and air conditioner components. The contents, process, method, data analysis and conclusion of the investigation implementation were also defined and unified. It could standardize and guide institutions such as disease control and health supervision to carry out relevant risk managements, and provided solutions and technical supports for such major public health emergencies in city operations.Biosafety is an important guarantee of the new coronavirus laboratory test. The accident treatment of sample overflow and sprinkle is a necessary part of the emergency plan for testing activities. Beijing Preventive Medicine Association coordinated biosafety experts of COVID-19 laboratories from Beijing CDC, to write up "The standard for handling of accidents of corona virus disease 2019 sample (T/BPMA 0005-2020)" . The group standard was based on the guidelines of China and WHO, and combined with the practical experience of COVID-19 epidemic and the principle of "scientific, normative, applicable and feasible" . Through all kinds of risk Assessment, it included the spillover of samples caused by the packing of COVID-19 (highly pathogenic) samples, the overflow and sprinkle in the laboratory during the detection operation, and the spillage accident occurred during the transfer of samples in the same building. The standard could guide and standardize the handling methods of accidental overflow and sprinkle that may occur in the SARS-CoV-2 testing laboratories in the city.This work investigates polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane modification to enhance its hydrophilicity and antibacterial properties. PVDF membranes were coated with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2-NP) and silver (AgNP) at different concentrations and coating times and characterized for their porosity, morphology, chemical functional groups and composition changes. The results showed the successfully modified PVDF membranes containing TiO2-NP and AgNP on their surfaces. When the coating time was increased from 8 to 24 h, the compositions of Ti and Ag of the modified membranes were increased from 1.39 ± 0.13 to 4.29 ± 0.16 and from 1.03 ± 0.07 to 3.62 ± 0.08, respectively. The water contact angle of the membranes was decreased with increasing the coating time and TiO2-NP/AgNP ratio. The surface roughness and permeate fluxes of coated membranes were increased due to increased hydrophilicity. Antimicrobial and antifouling properties were investigated by the reduction of Escherichia coli cells and the inhibition of biofilm formation on the membrane surface, respectively. Compared with that of the original PVDF membrane, the modified membranes exhibited antibacterial efficiency up to 94% against E. coli cells and inhibition up to 65% of the biofilm mass reduction. The findings showed hydrophilic improvement and an antimicrobial property for possible wastewater treatment without facing the eminent problem of biofouling.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with progressive metabolic diseases. Estrogen deficiency increases the NAFLD risk among postmenopausal women. Thus, effective agents to prevent and treat NAFLD in postmenopausal women are required. Quercitrin (Quer) is a natural glycosylated flavonoid with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects. This study investigated whether Quer improves dysregulated lipid metabolism and suppresses hepatic steatosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice as an experimental model mimicking postmenopausal women. Mice were assigned to the following four groups SHAM, OVX, OVX + β-estradiol (0.4 mg/kg diet), and OVX + Quer (500 mg/kg diet). Mice were administered a diet with or without Quer for three months. OVX mice displayed significantly higher body mass, epidermal fat, and liver weights than those of SHAM mice. However, these levels were reduced in Quer-treated mice. Quer treatment reduced the levels of serum lipid metabolites, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, Quer reduced liver lipid steatosis and inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. The results of the present study indicate that Quer improves dysregulated lipid metabolism and reduces hepatic steatosis and inflammation by compensating for estrogen deficiency, suggesting that Quer may potentially exert protective effects during hepatic steatosis in postmenopausal women.The synthesis, isolation and full characterization of ion pairs between alkaline metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+) and mono-anions and dianions obtained from 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenyl (C15H11 = trop) is reported. According to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray analysis and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the trop‒ and trop2-• anions show anti-aromatic properties which are dependent on the counter cation M+ and solvent molecules serving as co-ligands. For comparison, the disodium and dipotassium salt of the dianion of dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene (C16H12 = dbcot) were prepared, which show classical aromatic character. A d8-Rh(I) complex of trop- was prepared and the structure shows a distortion of the C15H11 ligand into a conjugated 10π -benzo pentadienide unit-to which the Rh(I) center is coordinated-and an aromatic 6π electron benzo group which is non-coordinated. Electron transfer reactions between neutral and anionic trop and dbcot species show that the anti-aromatic compounds obtained from trop are significantly stronger reductants.A novel bioactive glass containing therapeutic ions with enhanced biocompatibility was designed and produced by the classical melt-quenching route. Starting from a very promising composition (Bio_MS), which combined bioactivity and high crystallization temperature, the ratio between some oxides was tailored to obtain a new and more reactive (in terms of dissolution rate) bioactive glass, called BGMSN (composition in mol% 6.1 Na2O, 31.3 CaO, 5 MgO, 10 SrO, 2.6 P2O5, 45 SiO2). The aim of this work was to produce a bioactive glass with a good biological performance, preserving, at the same time, the high crystallization temperature achieved for Bio_MS; this is strategic in order to avoid undesired crystalline phases during thermal treatments, which can undermine the bioactivity and even the stability of final products. A complete characterization of the novel bioactive glass was performed in terms of thermal, mechanical and biological properties and in vitro bioactivity. The thermal behavior of the bioactive glass was studied by heating microscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and optical dilatometry; BGMSN showed a very high crystallization temperature and a high sinterability parameter, thus being suitable for applications where thermal treatments are required, such as sintered samples, coatings and scaffolds. Mechanical properties were investigated by the micro-indentation technique. The in vitro biological properties were evaluated by means of both direct and indirect cell tests, i.e., neutral red (NR) uptake and MTT assay, using murine long bone osteocyte Y4 (MLO-Y4) cells the cellular viability of BGMSN was higher compared to cellular viability of 45S5, both in direct and indirect tests. Finally, the in vitro bioactivity test by soaking samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed high dissolution rate, with a good rate of formation of hydroxyapatite.In this paper, we overview the recent progress we made in the magnetron sputtering-based developments of nano-sculpted thin films intended for energy-related applications such as energy conversion. This paper summarizes our recent experimental work often supported by simulation and theoretical results. Specifically, the development of a new generation of nano-sculpted photo-anodes based on TiO2 for application in dye-sensitized solar cells is discussed.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in children characterized by impairment of communication and social interaction. Several genes with associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified for ASD in different genetic association studies, meta-analyses, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, associations between different SNPs and ASD vary from population to population. Four SNPs in genes CNTNAP2, EIF4E, ATP2B2, CACNA1C, and SNP rs4307059 (which is found between CDH9 and CDH10 genes) have been identified and reported as candidate risk factors for ASD. The aim of the present study was, for the first time, to assess the association of SNPs in these genes with ASD in the Pakistani population. PCR-based genotyping was performed using allele-specific primers in 93 ASD and 93 control Pakistani individuals. All genetic associations, genotype frequencies, and allele frequencies were computed as odds' ratios (ORs) using logistic regression with a threshold of p ≤ 0.
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