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Co-occurrence regarding behavioral risks regarding common non-communicable conditions amongst metropolitan slum residents within Nairobi, South africa.
BACKGROUND Patient participation is associated with satisfaction and improved health-related outcomes. In gastrointestinal endoscopy, patient participation is an underexplored area. OBJECTIVE To gain understanding on patients' experiences, attitudes and preferences concerning patient participation in the endoscopy pathway. METHODS Semi-structured interviews with endoscopy patients (n = 17, female n = 8, male n = 9, ages 19-80 years) were performed. Interview transcripts were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling from an endoscopy unit in a Swedish university hospital. Inclusion≥ 18 years, fluency in Swedish and recent experience of endoscopy at the unit. RESULTS Five generic categories emerged, two within the area of the patient's role, which was described as active or passive/included or excluded. Another three generic categories related to factors, critical to active participation, including organizational aspects, impressions of staff and individual circumstances were identified. In this context, patient participation described in the interviews was on a low to basic level, although sometimes reaching a higher level when staff 'invited' patients in decision making. DISCUSSION This study contributes to the understanding of patient participation in endoscopy. Patients are in an inferior position and need support from the staff for an active role in their care. Although there were variations on the perceived importance of different factors, a heavy responsibility lies on the endoscopy staff to acknowledge the patients' individual needs and to facilitate patient participation. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopy staff has a key role in supporting patient participation. In endoscopy settings, patient participation is vulnerable to multiple factors. © 2020 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.In the present study anatomical characterization of 20 medicinally important Asteroideae species were done under light and scanning electron microscopy. Variety of qualitative and quantitative anatomical characters like epidermal cells, stomata, guard cells, subsidiary cells, trichomes and oil droplets were observed. Generally pentagonal, polygonal, irregular or hexagonal, smooth, undulating thick walled epidermal cells were observed in studied species. In abaxial surface Thymophylla tenuiloba L. possessed the largest length of epidermal cell that is, 221.6 (156.6-286.6) μm whereas Bellis perenis L. showed the smallest length that is, 46.4 (32.6-60.2) μm. Average width of epidermal cells ranged from 57 (22-92) μm to 169 (127.9-210.1) μm. Cosmos sulphureus Cav. had smallest width while Thymophylla tenuiloba L. had the largest width. In adaxial surface Artemisia absinthium L. possessed the largest length of epidermal cell that is, 269 (165.1-372.9) μm whereas Bellis perenis L. showed the smallest length that is, 61.4 (42.6-80.2) μm. Average width of epidermal cells ranged from 50.8 (32.6-69) μm to 260 (116-202) μm. Thymophylla tenuiloba L. had smallest width while Dahlia pinnata Cav. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-822.html had the largest width. Among stomatal characters anisocytic, anomocytic, and diacytic stomata were observed in selected species of Asteroideae. link2 Nonglandular uniserate, multicellular, unbranched pointed tips with bulbous base trichomes were reported in some Asteroideae members while some possessed glandular, capitates mushroom like multicellular trichomes covered with tubercle papicles. Rounded, oval, triangular shaped oil droplets were observed in some species. It is concluded that qualitative and qualitative anatomical variations in trichomes, stomata and epidermal cells are of good taxonomic value for the Asteroideae species. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Given the persistence and the worldwide shortage of organs from both the deceased and living donors for clinical transplantation, pig organs or tissues hold immense promises for the patients on the waiting list, and xenotransplantation is deemed as one of the solutions to the organ shortage crisis. Indeed, the emerging gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, have led to tremendous progress in the generation of genetically modified pigs to overcome many barriers associated. METHOD We presented a description of the xenotransplantation regulations in China and the related products. RESULT Several groups in China have successfully generated transgenic pigs with the elimination of immune rejection or coagulation-related genes, and both pre-clinical and clinical studies have been reported. However, the pre-clinical evaluation and clinical application of porcine xenotransplantation raises ethical and regulatory considerations. Herein, in this review, we will summarize and discuss the progress in xenotransplantation in China and xenotransplantation-related products from the regulatory perspective. CONCLUSION There has been remarkable progress in both the genetically modified pigs and pre-clinical studies in China, and China will be the first country to successfully fulfill the xenotransplantation from pig organ to human in the near future. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Circulating anti-keratinocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)G targeting desmosomal proteins have been identified in people and dogs with pemphigus foliaceus (PF). By contrast, detection attempts in PF-affected cats have been largely unsuccessful. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To detect circulating anti-keratinocyte autoantibodies in PF-affected cats and determine their titres and tissue-staining patterns. ANIMALS Thirty PF-affected cats were compared to 11 specific-pathogen-free, 15 healthy and 31 allergic cats. METHODS Sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence on canine footpad and buccal mucosal substrates. RESULTS Circulating, anti-keratinocyte IgG with a suprabasilar, web-like (intercellular) pattern were detected in the majority of PF-affected cats (23 of 30, 77%), some allergic cats (six of 31, 19%) and one healthy cat (7%). Both footpad epidermis and buccal mucosa were positive in the majority of seropositive PF-affected cats (21 of 23, 91%), and in only one of six (17%) seropositive allergic cats. Staining was limited to the footpad in the remaining seropositive PF-affected and allergic cats and one seropositive healthy cat. Reciprocal IgG titres were significantly higher in PF-affected cats compared to controls (Dunn's post-test, P less then 0.0001). Anti-keratinocyte IgM, IgA or IgE were not detected in any sera. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results confirm the presence of circulating anti-keratinocyte IgG in a majority of PF-affected cats, and in a small percentage of healthy and allergic cats. Although the molecular target and pathogenic nature of the antibodies remains unknown, the detection of positive immunostaining on buccal mucosal tissue, in addition to the footpad, suggests that the major target antigen of feline PF differs from that identified in dogs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Article Impact Statement Billions of native animal lives should not be ended by invasive species, even if we feel bad about eradication. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Extreme environments often result in the evolution of dramatic adaptive features. The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, includes 30 different populations of cave-dwelling forms that live in perpetual darkness. As a consequence, many populations have evolved eye loss, reduced pigmentation, and amplification of nonvisual sensory systems. Closely-related surface-dwelling morphs demonstrate typical vision, pigmentation, and sensation. Transcriptomic assessments in this system have revealed important developmental changes associated with the cave morph, however, they have not accounted for photic rearing conditions. Prior studies reared individuals under a 1212 hr light/dark (LD) cycle. Here, we reared cavefish under constant darkness (DD) for 5+ years. From these experimental individuals, we performed mRNA sequencing and compared gene expression of surface fish reared under LD conditions to cavefish reared under DD conditions to identify photic-dependent gene expression differences. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses revealed a number of previously underappreciated cave-associated changes impacting blood physiology and olfaction. We further evaluated the position of differentially expressed genes relative to QTL positions from prior studies and found several candidate genes associated with these ecologically relevant lighting conditions. In sum, this work highlights photic conditions as a key environmental factor impacting gene expression patterns in blind cave-dwelling fish. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Developing facile approaches to prepare non-light scattering ternary oxide thin film photoelectrodes is an important goal for the solar water splitting tandem cell. Herein we report a novel synthesis route that employs ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) to enable compatible water solubility of diverse metal cations, which affords transparent films via solution processing. Using BiVO 4 as a model material, we demonstrate a remarkable improvement in transparency quantified by the direct transmittance at 600 nm of >80% vs. the less then 10% observed with state-of-the-art electrodeposited thin films while maintaining reasonable solar-driven oxidation photocurrents (1.75 mA cm -2 in the presence of a sulphite hole scavenger). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the synthesis technique can be applied in a general fashion towards the synthesis of diverse n- and p-type metal oxide materials, such as ZnFe 2 O 4 and CuFeO 2 . © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Organic nitrates have been reported to have significant effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover in previous clinical trials. However, results are inconsistent and some trials with strikingly positive results have been retracted because of scientific misconduct. link3 As preparation for a potential fracture prevention study, we set out to determine the lowest effective dose and the most effective and acceptable nitrate preparation. We undertook a 1-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three different nitrate preparations and two different doses in osteopenic postmenopausal women, with a planned 1-year observational extension. The primary endpoint was change in BMD at the lumbar spine, and secondary endpoints included BMD changes at other sites, changes in bone turnover markers, and adverse events. A total of 240 eligible women who tolerated low-dose oral nitrate treatment in a 2-week run-in period were randomized to five different treatment groups or placebo. Over 12 months, there were no statistically significant between-group differences in changes in BMD at any site and no consistent differences in bone turnover markers. When the active treatment groups were pooled, there were also no differences in changes in BMD or bone turnover markers between nitrate treatment and placebo. Eighty-eight (27%) women withdrew during the run-in phase, with the majority because of nitrate-induced headache, and 41 of 200 (21%) women randomized to nitrate treatment withdrew or stopped study medication during the 1-year study compared with 1 of 40 (2.5%) in the placebo group. In summary, organic nitrates do not have clinically relevant effects on BMD or bone turnover in postmenopausal women and were poorly tolerated. These results call into question the validity of previous clinical research reporting large positive effects of nitrates on BMD and bone turnover. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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