Notes

Incidence along with elements related to uncorrected presbyopia in the countryside populace associated with Asia: the particular Train locomotive Affliction as well as Wellness Final result within Aizu Cohort Review.
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and Anemia are important public health nutritional problems in India.

To assess nutritional status and prevalence and correlates of undernutrition, anemia, and VAD among children.

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out adopting systematic random sampling. Information on socio-demographic particulars was collected and 20 μL blood was collected for hemoglobin and free-flowing drop on Whatman filter paper for Vitamin A estimation. Hemoglobin was estimated using indirect cyanmethemoglobin and Vitamin A by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Nutritional status was assessed using the WHO Child Growth Standard.

The overall prevalence of anemia and VAD was 68% and 59%, respectively, while underweight, stunting, and wasting was 30%, 55%, and 11%, respectively, among under 5 year children. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed no significant association of anemia and VAD with any sociodemographic variables, while the odd of stunting was four times higher among children of mothers engaged in labor and two times among children from low-income group, while underweight was two times higher among children from households not having sanitary latrine. Exclusive breastfeeding was observed to be associated with undernutrition among infants.

Anemia, VAD, and stunting were high among children. Low intakes of green leafy vegetables and milk and milk product may be the reasons for the higher prevalence of anemia and VAD. There is a need to strengthen supplementation of iron and folic acid tablets and Vitamin A and also public distribution system.
Anemia, VAD, and stunting were high among children. Low intakes of green leafy vegetables and milk and milk product may be the reasons for the higher prevalence of anemia and VAD. There is a need to strengthen supplementation of iron and folic acid tablets and Vitamin A and also public distribution system.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of universal repeat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening late in pregnancy as opposed to the existing system of single HIV test early in pregnancy.

Strategy of universal repeat HIV screening in pregnancy to achieve Elimination of mother to child transmission in a low prevalence setting such as India should be examined from the cost-effectiveness point of view.

In a cross-sectional study, 2500 pregnant women with 32 weeks gestation or more and screened HIV nonreactive at least 3 months before the study were offered repeat HIV screening. A decision analysis model was used to determine cost-effectiveness of a repeat HIV screening late in pregnancy in both government (societal) and healthcare payer perspectives, followed by one-way sensitivity analysis at different rates of incident HIV in pregnancy.

The incidence of HIV infection during pregnancy was 1.18/1000 women years (95% confidence interval 0.29-4.7). The existing system of single HIV test is 1.9 times costlier per quality adjusted life years gained than the proposed system of repeat HIV screening.

When the incidence of HIV in pregnancy is 1.18/1000 woman-years, even in settings with antenatal HIV positivity rates as low as 0.01%, repeat HIV screening in pregnancy is cost effective.
When the incidence of HIV in pregnancy is 1.18/1000 woman-years, even in settings with antenatal HIV positivity rates as low as 0.01%, repeat HIV screening in pregnancy is cost effective.
Childhood injury has been recognized as a major threat to child survival and health, as well as economic burden, which includes the cost to government and out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE) to families. Child-To-Child Approach is an innovative technique to reduce childhood injuries and expenses on their treatment.

To assess economic benefit in the treatment of unintentional childhood injuries, including OOPE by families, by the implementation of the child-To-Child approach.

The present study is part of a quasi-experimental before-and-after intervention study conducted in the rural area of Delhi for the prevention of childhood injuries through intervention by the child-To-Child approach. Cost of injury treatment, including travel and accommodation expenses, and wage loss were noted. The projected gain in the total cost and out-of-pocket expenditure on injury treatment throughout 20 years of childhood and adolescence were calculated.

Both incidences of injuries and total expenditure for treatment of injuries had decreased during the postintervention period in the intervention group, against a rise in the control group. The proportion of OOPE for availing private health care facilities for treatment of injuries, which was more than one-fourth of total expenses, also had decreased in the intervention group during the postintervention period. On economic analysis, it is projected that there will be enormous gain in cost by the implementation of child-To-Child approach in the study area in 20 years, along with saving of OOPE of the families.

Child-To-Child approach is effective in preventing childhood injuries and reducing the cost of treatment of injuries.
Child-To-Child approach is effective in preventing childhood injuries and reducing the cost of treatment of injuries.
The global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (GPELF) was started in 2003 with two strategies the mass drug administration (MDA) to interrupt disease transmission and the morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) to provide the basic hygienic care to filariasis lymphedema patients. Among the two strategies, the MDA is well advanced and got the desired results, but the MMDP is lagging due to poor execution.

To assess the awareness of MMDP and ongoing morbidity management practices by lymphedema patients and to estimate the impacts of the MMDP on the prevalence and severity of lymphedema.

This study was conducted among 100 lymphedema patients in 7 filariasis endemic villages of Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India through interviews using a structured, pretested questionnaire. The grading and adenolymphangitis (ADL) attack determination were done by a clinician. The impact was assessed in terms of changes in the lymphedema grades, frequency of ADL attacks, and changes in the burden.

Of the 100 patients, 70% were aware of the program and among them, only 48% were practising MMDP regularly (i.e. two times per day). The majority of them (80%) were taking treatment during ADL attacks. The overall lymphedema grades reversal and progression were observed in 13% and 52% of cases, respectively.

This study has revealed that the second arm of the GPELF, "MMDP" has not yielded the desired results as evidenced by the incidence of frequent ADL attacks and advancement of lymphedema grades.
This study has revealed that the second arm of the GPELF, "MMDP" has not yielded the desired results as evidenced by the incidence of frequent ADL attacks and advancement of lymphedema grades.
The objective of the study is to know type of hypertension affecting pregnant women and impact on perinatal outcome.

This is a prospective cohort study; 120 women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) at gestation ≥28 weeks who delivered in our institute were enrolled. Sociodemography, gestational age, mode of delivery, APGAR, birth weight, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and perinatal outcome were recorded. Mean ± standard deviation or proportions, analysis of variance, Chi-square test, and odds ratio were used for statistical analysis.

Preeclampsia (PE) was most prevalent hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (44.2%), followed by eclampsia (27.50%), gestational hypertension (23.3%), and chronic hypertension (CH) (5.0%). In PE group, 61.8% had FGR, 65.5% newborns were preterm, 74.6% had low birth weight, and 54.1% needed neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. In eclampsia group, 42.9% had fetal growth restriction, 65.7% preterm, 80% low birth weight, and 78.6% NICU admission. PE women delerral.
Delivering quality comprehensive abortion care (CAC) service, accessible and affordable to all care seekers, at every tier is essential to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.

The study aimed to assess the infrastructural availability of the health facilities, describe beneficiary characteristics, and to explore constraints in CAC service provision from the providers' perspectives.

A mixed-method study was conducted during December 2019 to February 2020 in Paschim Bardhaman District, West Bengal. All 10 public health facilities of the district providing CAC services were visited for infrastructural assessment. Record review of all care seekers from 2015 to 2018 was done to assess their characteristics. In-depth interview of the administrative heads of facilities and district level program officers was done to explore constraints faced in service provision. Quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS version 20, and qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo software.

Physical infrastructure was adequate in only 40% of the facilities; however, drugs and contraceptives were universally available. About 49.5% of the care seekers had induced abortion; 63.5% underwent manual vacuum aspiration; 21.5% did not return for follow-up, and only 50% adopted postabortal contraception. Major issues explored were lack of trained manpower, logistics and physical infrastructure, and inadequate supervision and monitoring.

The study highlighted gaps in preparedness of the health facilities for the provision of quality CAC services including some major constraints from the provider's perspectives.
The study highlighted gaps in preparedness of the health facilities for the provision of quality CAC services including some major constraints from the provider's perspectives.
Tobacco is one of the most important preventable causes of death and a leading public health problem all over the world. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of community-based intervention for tobacco cessation in urban slums of Ahmedabad city.

A total of 20 slums (10 slums each) in the intervention and control group were randomly selected through the process of randomization. A total of 200 participants each in the intervention and control group were studied through a cluster-randomized trial.

The outcome of the community-based tobacco intervention measured after 6 months depicted that the odds ratio (OR) of the prevalence of tobacco abstinence, quit rate, and reduction of more than 50% of tobacco use was significantly higher (30.37 times, 2.84 times, and 2.19 times respectively more) in the intervention as compared to the control group. However, after 1 year of the first and immediately after the second intervention, the OR of tobacco point prevalence abstinence, quit rate, and reduction of more than 50% was more pronounced (5.11 times, 3.52 times, and 4.31 times, respectively, more) in the intervention group than the control group. Post intervention, it was also observed that there was a significant increase in the average quit attempt.

The community-based intervention was very effective in reducing the consumption of tobacco in urban slums in any form. As per the study findings, there is a wide possibility for the integration of tobacco cessation activity into the health program.
The community-based intervention was very effective in reducing the consumption of tobacco in urban slums in any form. As per the study findings, there is a wide possibility for the integration of tobacco cessation activity into the health program.
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