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A four-year across the country molecular epidemiological examine within Estonia: risk factors for tb transmitting.
This article introduces a biologically detailed computational model of how rule-guided behaviors become automatic. The model assumes that initially, rule-guided behaviors are controlled by a distributed neural network centered in the prefrontal cortex, and that in addition to initiating behavior, this network also trains a faster and more direct network that includes projections from sensory association cortex directly to rule-sensitive neurons in the premotor cortex. After much practice, the direct network is sufficient to control the behavior, without prefrontal involvement. The model is implemented as a biologically detailed neural network constructed from spiking neurons and displaying a biologically plausible form of Hebbian learning. The model successfully accounts for single-unit recordings and human behavioral data that are problematic for other models of automaticity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).This study examined three aspects of maternal homework involvement (i.e., the quantity, quality, and source of initiative) and their direct and indirect associations with adolescents' task-avoidant behavior in homework situations and academic achievement. The sample consisted of Finnish mothers and their adolescents who were transitioning from primary to lower secondary school. Mothers rated the quantity of their homework involvement (i.e., monitoring and help), quality of their homework involvement (i.e., autonomy support and psychological control), and source of initiative (i.e., mother- vs. adolescent-initiated monitoring and help) at the beginning of Grade 6. They also reported on adolescents' task avoidance in homework situations at the beginning of Grade 7. Information on adolescents' academic achievement in the spring terms of Grades 5 and 7 was obtained from school registers. The results showed that high maternal psychological control and mother-initiated monitoring were associated with poorer subsequent academic achievement directly and indirectly through higher levels of adolescent task avoidance. Moreover, poor prior academic achievement was associated with higher levels of subsequent task avoidance directly and indirectly through high maternal psychological control and mother-initiated monitoring. Overall, the results highlight the importance of bringing mothers' knowledge and awareness to their self-initiated and controlling involvement practices and helping them to support adolescents' learning and motivation in more optimal ways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).This study explores the dimensionality (factor analysis) and the relationships (empirical networks) between the Zuckerman alternative five-factor personality model and the two current pathological dimensional personality systems based on the International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision (ICD-11) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), Section III. To this end, the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire-Short Form (ZKA-PQ/SF), the Personality Inventory for ICD-11, and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Short Form were used with 1,229 healthy community subjects 578 men (Mage = 40.03, SD = 17.77) and 651 women (Mage = 39.63, SD = 17.81). The results show that the pathological traits of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Disinhibition, and Antagonism/Dissociality are correlatively placed in the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Sensation Seeking, and Aggressiveness dimensional space. Psychoticism is positioned, to a lesser extent and with a similar loading, in Sensation Seeking and Neuroticism, whereas Anankastia is associated with the Activity factor. The five ZKA-PQ domains explain 42% of the variance of Personality Inventory for ICD-11 and 39% of the variance of Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Short Form, whereas the ZKA-PQ facets explain 47% and 44%, respectively. It is concluded that Zuckerman's alternative five-factor model of personality may be useful to better understand the position of pathological or maladaptive traits in the space of normal personality, complementarily to the five-factor model. It also helps to integrate the maladaptive personality traits of the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 Section III into a single system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).To describe the process of peer-delivered Whole Health Coaching, a primary care-based intervention in which peers provide patients with individualized support to set and work toward wellness goals. Fifteen primary care Veterans with PTSD participated in peer-delivered Whole Health Coaching during a multiple baseline design study. This is a planned mixed methods concurrent equal status analysis of the process of peer-delivered Whole Health Coaching including patient engagement, patient experience, fidelity to the coaching and peer roles, and patient satisfaction. Data sources were feedback interviews, electronic medical record reviews, self-report assessments, and observer fidelity ratings of session recordings. Qualitative data were used to expand the interpretation of quantitative descriptive data. A rapid assessment approach was used for qualitative analysis. Retention in peer-delivered Whole Health Coaching was 11 of 15 participants, and factors facilitating engagement were peers as providers and flexibility in scheduling/modality of sessions. Peers demonstrated high fidelity to coaching skills, Whole Health Coaching phases and stages, and the peer role. Participants expressed high satisfaction and perceived peer-delivered Whole Health Coaching as helpful with making progress on individualized wellness goals. Results build on the literature describing the expansion of peer services into primary care and implementation of interventions such as wellness coaching. This initial small study suggests that peers can deliver high-quality wellness coaching, and this description of the process can guide the integration of peers doing wellness coaching in similar clinical settings and for future research trials. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).The motivational intensity model proposes that the strength of one's urge to approach or avoid a stimulus is the primary driver of cognitive broadening/narrowing (Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2010d; Harmon-Jones et al., 2012). However, it is unclear whether motivational intensity is truly distinct from well-established dimensions of valence and arousal. Here we found an overwhelmingly strong relationship between motivational intensity and valence across all studies. In Study 1, we operationalized motivational intensity on 2 response rating scales and had multiple groups of participants (total 150) rate their response of motivational intensity, valence, and arousal to 300 pictures. There was a very strong relationship between motivational intensity and valence (rs in excess of .9, in studies 1a and 1b), which challenges the idea that these 2 constructs are distinct. In contrast, motivational intensity ratings were not consistently positively related to arousal ratings, with only a moderate relationship found with avoidance motivation. In Study 2 we used an implicit measure of motivational intensity and valence and asked participants to classify their motivational intensity and valence in response to 100 pictures from Study 1. A high degree of correspondence was found between motivational intensity and valence on this measure. Overall, our findings are at odds with proposals in the literature that arousal can be used as a proxy for motivational intensity across the full approach-avoidance spectrum. Furthermore, these studies suggest that the cognitive effects attributed to motivational intensity in previous literature are best explained by valence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Much of our knowledge about the correlates of mind-wandering comes from assessing task-unrelated thought. Less is known about the correlates of freely moving thought, a dimension that assesses the degree to which thoughts arise and unfold with low levels of guidance or constraints. Task-unrelated thought is consistently associated with more negative affective valence compared with being on task; however, it is unclear whether freely moving thought shares the same relationship with affect. We conducted two ecological momentary assessment studies in the context of everyday life and found that the two dimensions have different affective correlates. In Study 1, task-unrelated thought was associated with less positive concurrent valence than being on-task. However, freely moving thought was associated with more positive concurrent valence and was predictive of more positive valence at a subsequent timepoint. Freely moving thought, but not task-unrelated thought, also positively predicted concurrent arousal. Computational sentiment analyses of participants' thought descriptions offered convergent evidence of differential relationships between the two thought dimensions and affect. Study 2 used different measurement scales to assess whether (a) the pattern of findings replicated and (b) if the effects were robust to changes in measurement. The main findings were replicated task-unrelated thought was negatively associated with concurrent valence, whereas freely moving thought was positively associated with concurrent valence. However, freely moving thought did not predict subsequent valence and was not related to concurrent arousal. The most robust findings related to concurrent valence. Although mind-wandering has acquired a relatively negative reputation to date, our findings suggest that there might be positive aspects that remain unexplored. Selleck BMS-935177 (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Self-efficacy is a key construct in behavioral science with significant impact on mental health and wellbeing. A growing body of work has shown that perceptions of self-efficacy can be increased through recall of autobiographical episodes (AEs) of mastery ("self-efficacy memories") in experimental settings. Doing so contributes to improvements in clinically relevant processes, such as emotion regulation and problem solving. Here we examine whether the recall of self-efficacy AEs contributes to more adaptive appraisals for personally experienced negative memories. Seventy-five healthy individuals each identified an idiosyncratic personal negative memory that was screened for emotional attributes. Participants were then asked to either recall self-efficacy (SE, n = 25) or positive (POS, n = 25) autobiographical episodes. We investigated induction effects on subsequent reappraisals of the personal negative memories. The SE induction was associated with significant reductions in distress, and subjective physiological responses as compared to the POS induction. No significant induction effects emerged in autonomic regulation. These findings suggest that recalling self-efficacy episodes may promote adaptive self-appraisals for negative memories, which in turn may contribute to recovery from stressful events and, with further research, may prove to be a useful adjunctive strategy for treatments such as CBT. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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