Notes

NF-κB2 and RELB offer prognostic info inside intestines cancer malignancy as well as NFKB2 rs7897947 symbolizes a hereditary threat factor with regard to ailment advancement.
6 mg/L for Y and 4.4 mg/L for C) and photosynthesis of the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata at milligram levels. Combinedly, our work reveals that metformin byproducts have been disseminated to urban water cycle and contaminated tap water, increasing potential toxic risk for drinking water. Its outcomes provide a preliminary reference for future studies on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of unintended DBPs formed in the chlorination of metformin-contaminated water.The boom in the takeaway industry has significantly increased the consumption of disposable plastic materials, which are very likely to release microplastic particles and cause secondary risks during daily use. The objective of this study was to probe whether heat treatment of disposable plastic materials in water, mimicking their use for hot food or drink, could result in the release of particles and harmful substances in the leachate. Our results showed that a hot water (100 °C) soaking released 1.07 ± 0.507, 1.44 ± 0.147, 2.24 ± 0.719 and 1.57 ± 0.599 million submicron and microparticles/mL from plastic packaging, cups, transparent boxes and expandable boxes, respectively after 60 min of agitation, and the submicron fraction was dominant. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, heat treatment also altered the chemical composition of polyethylene packaging, but it had minor effects on polypropylene cups, transparent boxes and polystyrene expandable boxes. In addition, organic chemicals and heavy metals (mainly As, Cr and Pb), with maximum concentrations of 2.1 ± 0.85 mgC/L and 4.2 ± 0.32 ng/L, were detected in the leachate from plastic packaging, cups and expandable boxes, indicating the potential risk of these materials while holding hot food or drink. The findings suggest the potential ingestion risk of microplastics and harmful substances by human beings during the daily use of disposable plastic materials.Lentic small water bodies (LSWB) are a highly valuable landscape element with important ecosystem services and benefits for humans and the environment. However, data about their pesticide contamination dynamic and the associated ecotoxicological effects are scarce. To overcome these knowledge gaps, five LSWBs located in agricultural fields in Northern Germany were studied during the spring pesticide application period (April to July 2018) and the concentrations of 94 pesticides were measured in weekly intervals. The goals of this study were to observe the trends of pesticide contamination during the application period, assess the ecotoxicity of the contamination, and assign the findings to temporal and spatial origins. Samples contained pesticide concentrations between 0.12 and 4.83 μg L-1 as sums. High detection frequencies (81% of samples) and concentrations (max 1.2 μg L-1) were observed for metazachlor transformation products. Contamination from multiple pesticides was detected with up to 25 compounds per sample and a maximum of 37 compounds per LSWB during the entire sampling period. High toxicities for algae and macrophytes were recorded using toxic units (TU) of -0.2 to -3.5. TUs for invertebrates were generally lower than for algae/macrophytes (-2.7 to -5.2) but were also recorded at levels with ecological impacts. Pesticide detections were separated into four categories to assign them to different temporal and spatial origins. Pesticides from the spring (5-11%) and the previous autumn (0-36%) application periods were detected in the LSWB. Some pesticides could be related to the application of the previous crop on the same field (0-39%), but most of the compounds (44-85%) were not related to the crop management in the last two years on the respective LSWB fields. The relevance of different input pathways is still unknown. Particularly, the effect of long-distance transport needs to be clarified to protect aquatic biota in LSWBs.Sequences of erosion control/consolidation check dams are the most widespread channel countermeasure in the European Alps. Some of them were built in the past based on ancient technologies. Nowadays they may not be fully adequate to mitigate the debris-flow/flood events that are becoming more frequent and intense. Consequently, there is the remote possibility that they could fail with disastrous consequences as observed in some cases. A reliable methodology to reproduce the effect of check dam collapse has not yet proposed. Therefore the aim of this study is to define a procedure to simulate the effect of check dam collapse in a debris-flow event. In this study we analysed the catastrophic debris flow occurred in the Rotian channel (Italian Alps) during which a series of check dams collapsed magnifying the event and causing severe damages. With the aid of field data we reconstructed the event and used the simulation tool r.avaflow to reproduce the debris flow. We then defined three scenarios to simulate the event (A) debris-flow propagation over an erodible channel; (B) propagation on a rigid channel bed combined with the release of impulsive masses to isolate the analysis of the effect of check dam collapse; (C) a combination of the previous scenarios. The simulation performance was assessed analysing the pre- and post-event LiDAR surveys. Results showed that the C scenario accurately reproduced the observed debris-flow erosion pattern. In particular, we found out that most of the entrained debris volume derived from bed erosion rather than the sediment retained by check dams. The adopted method, which composes the contribution of bed erosion and check dam collapse, could be of particular relevance for residual risk estimation when mitigation structures are old and may fail with potential disastrous consequences.In recent years, defect engineering sprung up in the artificial nanomaterials (NMs) has attracted significant attention, since the physical and chemical properties of NMs could be largely optimized based on the rational control of different defect types and densities. Defective NMs equipped with the improved electric and catalytic ability, would be widely utilized as the photoelectric device and catalysts to alleviate the growing demands of industrial production and environmental treatments. In particular, considering that the features of targeting, adsorptive, loading and optical could be adjusted by the introduction of defects, numerous defective NMs are encouraged to be applied in the biological fields including bacterial inactivation, cancer therapy and so on. And this review is devoted to summarize the recent biological applications of NMs with abundant defects. Moreover, the opportunity of these defective NMs released into the surrounding environment continue to increase, the direct and indirect contact with biological molecules and organisms would be inevitable. Due to its high reactivity and adsorption triggered by defects, NMs tend to exhibit overestimate biological behaviors and effects on organisms. Thus, the sections regarding toxicological effects of NMs with abundant defects are also carried out to supplement the safety assessments of NMs and guide further applications in the industrial production and living.Biodiversity measures deliver valuable ecological information by reflecting a range of ecosystem processes. However, the accuracy of environmental assessment based on species patterns may often be affected by insufficient survey details. The comprehensive evaluation of plant taxa richness in rivers requires an extensive sampling effort. The use of Hill numbers and Chao estimators improves species diversity assessment based on a feasible number of samples. The aim of this work was to identify macrophyte groups, associated with various species traits, which are rich in species, as well as those whose detection is particularly difficult as it requires an exceptional sampling effort (sources of dark diversity). Analyses were performed with the use of Hill numbers and Chao estimators. It was shown that the field identification of all estimated macrophytes is particularly difficult for low trophy indicators and generally submerged plants, as well as for small-leaved species. A field survey encompassing the full (expected) macrophyte diversity encountered within a river is easiest to perform in the case of free-floating plants and large-leaved macrophytes, as well as for species with high trophic tolerance. The study proved that ecological assessment of rivers based on a small number of sampling units may lead to incorrect diversity estimates. Conversely, the estimation of diversity patterns at the level of the Shannon and Simpson indices does not require extensive sampling, and the extrapolation approach is not needed. The effectiveness of diversity assessment in fluvial ecosystems can be increased by extrapolation of gray diversity which can be considered in planning of monitoring programs. Moreover even estimated dark diversity bight be already efficient to identify ecological pattern and when comparing biodiversity across regions and ecosystems.
Prenatal exposure to air pollution may have adverse effects on neurodevelopment in children, but epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive.

To investigate the associations between prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental delay.

We conducted a birth cohort study based on pregnancy and birth registry in Foshan, China. Exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter<1μm, 2.5μm, 10μm (PM
, PM
, PM
), nitrogen dioxide (NO
) and sulfur dioxide (SO
) over pregnancy (trimester 1, 2, 3 and entire pregnancy) was estimated at each woman's residential address using spatial-temporal models. Neurodevelopmental assessment was performed by pediatricians using a five-domain scale and developmental quotient (DQ) was calculated as a global measure. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations between prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental delay (DQ<75) with adjustment for potential confounders.

We included 15,778 child-mother pairs in this analyfe stage.Soil microorganisms and their extracellular enzymes are key factors determining the biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Relevant studies mainly focus on surface soils (0-20 cm), while deep soils (>20 cm) are often neglected, let alone comparing multiple ecosystems simultaneously. In this study, we studied the latitudinal (19-48°N) and vertical (0-100 cm) patterns of soil total, microbial and enzymatic C-N-P contents and ratios (stoichiometry) in eight temperate, subtropical and tropical forest ecosystems in eastern China. We found that the C-N-P contents and their stoichiometry in soil, microbial biomass and extracellular enzymes all varied significantly with depth and latitude. Soil total C, N and P declined with depth, as did microbial biomass and enzyme activity, while microbial and enzymatic CN ratios showed increasing or no trend with increasing soil depth. Moreover, soil total and microbial C-N-P contents in surface soils (0-20 cm) showed positive correlations with increasing latitude, and such correlations tended to be weaker or disappeared in deep soils (>20 cm). Overall, changes in total, microbial and enzymatic C-N-P contents and ratios among latitudes suggested a shift from relative N limitation in the north to relative P limitation in the south.
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