Notes

Comparable COVID-19 outcomes together with present usage of GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors or even SGLT-2 inhibitors between individuals using diabetic issues that screened positive for SARS-CoV-2.
However, at 200 and 500 mg/kg doses, the CE extract significantly increased liver pathological scores compared to the control group (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively).

CE exhibited toxicities in i.p. acute and repeated oral dose administrations. It showed identical cytotoxicity against normal and cancer cells. This herb must be prescribed cautiously by traditional medicine practitioners.
CE exhibited toxicities in i.p. acute and repeated oral dose administrations. It showed identical cytotoxicity against normal and cancer cells. This herb must be prescribed cautiously by traditional medicine practitioners.
As a herbicide, paraquat is a toxic agent that has devastating effects on human health. Gallic acid, on the other hand, is a natural compound that its anti-oxidant values have been reported in previous studies. Given these, this study was designed to evaluate whether gallic acid could reduce the toxic effects of paraquat in the liver of rats.

Six groups of rats were considered in this study. Group 1 (control group), group 2 (25 mg/kg of paraquat), group 3 (paraquat-plus-silymarin), and groups 4, 5, and 6 (paraquat together with gallic acid at the doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively). After treatment, biochemical, oxidative, and histopathological parameters were evaluated in the rats.

We found that as compared to the control group, while paraquat reduced the hepatic levels of anti-oxidative compounds such as vitamin C (p<0.001), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<0.001), and catalase (CAT) (p<0.001), the toxic agent increased the serum levels of protein carbonyl (PC) (p<0.001), malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.05), and IL-1β (p<0.001). Paraquat also increased (p<0.05) both serum lipid profile and liver-associated markers in the rats. Nevertheless, gallic acid not only enhanced (p<0.05) the activity of vitamin C, SOD, and CAT but also remarkably reduced (p<0.05) the serum lipid profile, as well as the oxidative and inflammatory markers in the paraquat-treated rats. Gallic acid had also ameliorating effects on the damaged morphology of hepatocytes upon paraquat treatment.

The results of this study suggested that gallic acid possesses reinforcing effects on the antioxidant defense system and could be administered to reduce the toxicity of paraquat.
The results of this study suggested that gallic acid possesses reinforcing effects on the antioxidant defense system and could be administered to reduce the toxicity of paraquat.
The most important toxicity of acetaminophen is hepatotoxicity. Farnesoid X-activated receptors (
) are one of the nuclear receptor superfamily members which have a pivotal role in the bile acid regulation. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of
in mediating the hepatoprotective effects of saffron.

Male Wister rats were randomly allocated into five groups including a control, vehicle, acetaminophen and two saffron extract groups of 150 and 300 mg/kg/day. The liver function and hepatic
expression were evaluated using biochemical assay and real time RT-PCR, respectively. Data analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test.

Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the acetaminophen group were significantly higher than the control group whereas those of the extract-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the acetaminophen group. The real time RT-PCR findings showed a non-significant down-regulation of
mRNA expression, however, a dose-dependent
up-regulation was seen in the groups treated with 150 and 300 mg/kg of the extract for 2.67 (p=0.002) and 10.22 (p=0.0001) fold, respectively.

The main finding of the present study was that the hepatic
up-regulation had an important role in saffron hepatoprotective activity.
The main finding of the present study was that the hepatic FXR up-regulation had an important role in saffron hepatoprotective activity.
Oxidative stress has pernicious effects on the brain.
has antioxidant properties. We explored neuroprotective effect of
against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures.

Male mice (BALB/c) were grouped as control, PTZ, Soxhlet (Sox) 100, Sox 200, Macerated (Mac) 100 and Mac 200 groups. Sox and Mac extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) were injected during 7 days. Delay in onset of minimal clonic seizure (MCS) and generalized tonic- clonic seizure (GTCS) was measured. Number of dark neurons (DN) and levels of oxidative stress indicators in the hippocampus were evaluated.

Onset of MCS and GTCS was later in groups treated with the extracts than the PTZ group (p<0.01 and p<0.001). Number of DN in the hippocampus in the PTZ group was higher than the control group (p<0.001) while in the extract groups, was lower than the PTZ group (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001). MDA level was higher whereas total thiol level and activity of SOD and CAT were lower (p<0.001) in the PTZ group than the control group. MDA level in the Sox 100 (p<0.01), Sox 200 (p<0.001) and Mac 200 (p<0.01) groups was less than the PTZ group. Total thiol level in the Sox 200 (p<0.001), SOD in the Sox 100 (p<0.05), Sox 200, and Mac 200 and CAT in the Sox 200 (p<0.001) groups were higher than the PTZ group.

prevented neuronal death and reduced seizures caused by PTZ via improving brain oxidative stress.
P. eldarica prevented neuronal death and reduced seizures caused by PTZ via improving brain oxidative stress.
Quercetin is one of the most popular flavonoid with protective effects against neural damages in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed the effect of quercetin administration on memory and motor function, hippocampal ‎ oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in a 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's rat model.

The animals were divided into the following five groups (n=8) control, sham-surgery (sham), lesion (PD), and lesion animals treated with quercetin at doses of 10 (Q10) and 25 (Q25) mg/kg. For induction of a model of PD, 6-OHDA was injected into the striatum of rats. The effects of quercetin were investigated on spatial memory, hippocampal BDNF and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze test, and the neuronal firing frequency in hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG) was evaluated by single-unit recordings.

Mean path length and latency time, rotational behavior and hippocampal MDA concentration were significantly increased, while time spent in the goal quadrant, swimming speed, spike rate, and hippocampal levels of TAC and BDNF were significantly decreased in the PD group compared to the sham group (p<0.01 to p<0.001). Quercetin treatment significantly enhanced time spent in goal quadrant (p<0.05), swimming speed (p<0.001) and spike rate (p<0.01), improved hippocampal TAC (p<0.05 to p<0.001) and BDNF (p<0.01 to p<0.001) level, and decreased mean path length (p<0.001), latency time (p<0.05 to p<0.001), rotational behavior and hippocampal MDA concentration (p<0.05).

The cognitive-enhancing effect of quercetin might be due to its antioxidant effects in the hippocampus.
The cognitive-enhancing effect of quercetin might be due to its antioxidant effects in the hippocampus.
Natural compounds can act as metal chelators and oxygen free radical scavengers, which allows them to be used as bioactive antagonists to heavy metals neurotoxicity. The aim of the study to analyze the morphometric effects of
(
) on lead-induced neurotoxicity.

Forty Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into four equal groups (ten in each group) control group; coriander group received aqueous
extracts (600 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); lead (Pb) group received a daily dose of lead acetate (Pb) (10 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); Pb+ coriandrum group received aqueous
extract (600 mg/kg BW) prior to 10 mg/kg BW of Pb. The following parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Layers thickness and nuclei density were analyzed.

Lead levels in blood and tissues were decreased significantly in the Pb group and those findings were corrected significantly (p=0.001) with
addition. Data exhibited an increase in oxidative stress marker MDA and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx) significantly in the Pb group and those effects were reversed significantly (p=0.001) by
administration. The cerebellar cortex and all layers of the somatosensory cortex thickness and nuclei density were diminished significantly in the Pb group. The morphometrical measurements were corrected significantly (p=0.001) by
.

From the findings of the current study, Pb caused noticeable structural and functional variations in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex.
corrected these parameters as it possesses chelating and antioxidant potentials.
From the findings of the current study, Pb caused noticeable structural and functional variations in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex. C. sativum corrected these parameters as it possesses chelating and antioxidant potentials.
Postpartum pain (PP pain) is a common problem after vaginal delivery. Some herbs are used to reduce PP pain. Due to the anti-inflammatory properties of
(wheat) germ, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of wheat germ on PP pain.

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial performed on 90 women who had a vaginal delivery and complained of moderate to severe PP pain. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. In the intervention group, a capsule containing 500 mg of wheat germ was taken every 6 hr for 2 days and in the control group, a placebo capsule was taken in the same order. The severity of PP pain was measured before and one hour after receiving the capsule by using the Visual Analogue Scale.

The two groups were not different in terms of pain severity before the intervention. The PP pain in women with moderate pain was significantly reduced in both groups, the reduction was greater in the wheat germ group (GEE=0.04) but this reduction was not significant. The PP pain in women with severe pain was significantly reduced in both groups, however, the reduction was significantly greater in the wheat germ group (GEE=0.63, p=0.007). Moreover, the results showed that the use of mefenamic acid in the wheat germ group was significantly lower than the control group (p=0.04). Moreover, no side effect was reported after consuming the wheat germ.

It seems that wheat germ reduces severe PP pain. Further research on this plant is recommended.
It seems that wheat germ reduces severe PP pain. Further research on this plant is recommended.
Previous clinical trials have suggested that herbal medicines can improve the quality of life (QOL) and survival of cancer patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of a polyherbal compound (PHC, formulated as syrup) consisting of
,
,
, and
on the quality of life (QOL) and survival in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers.

A randomized placebo-controlled trial was carried out on patients with esophageal or gastric cancer who had finished their oncological treatments. The patients were randomly assigned to PHC (n=20) or placebo (n=20) group. The PHC group was treated with the PHC for 12 weeks, while the placebo group received 70% sucrose syrup. The QOL was assessed at baselineandafter 12 weeks. The patients were followed for up to 24 months to determine overall survival.

PHC significantly improved cancer-related symptoms, physical performance, and psychological and social functions of the patients (p<0.05 for all cases). Death occurred in 33 and 22% of cases in the placebo and PHC group, respectively.
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