Notes

Uterine natural monster tissues: from enemy for you to buddy inside processing.
To realize the comprehensive utilization of resources of moutai-flavor vinasse and improve the nitrogen efficiency of yellow soil, a field culture experiment was carried out to study the effects of short-term application of vinasse biochar on nitrogen availability and bacterial community structure diversity in yellow soil of Guizhou by setting 5 biochar dosages of 0% (MB0), 0.5% (MB0.5), 1.0% (MB1.0), 2.0% (MB2.0), and 4.0% (MB4.0). The results showed that the total nitrogen(TN) and nitrate nitrogen(NN) content in the soil increased by 35.79%-365.26% and 122.96%-171.80%, the microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) content decreased by 34.10%-59.95%, and the AN/TN, NN/TN, and MBN/TN exhibited a decreasing trend with an increase in the amount of biochar applied. The application of vinasse biochar significantly reduced the number of OTU and community richness and diversity of soil bacteria; the influence degree increased with an increase in the application amount of vinasse biochar. In comparison with the MB0 treatmentication of vinasse biochar can significantly reduce the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and nitrifying bacteria, inhibit the ammonia-oxidizing effect and nitrification rate of soil, and improve the availability of soil nitrogen. In summary, the short-term application of vinasse biochar can improve nitrogen nutrients, change the structure and diversity of soil bacterial community, and effectively control the risk of soil nitrogen leaching by inhibiting ammonia oxidation and nitrification of soil, to improve the availability of soil nitrogen.To study the characteristics of soil nutrients and fungal community composition under different rotation patterns in the arid zone of central Ningxia, we used millet rotation soybean (MRG), rotation grain amaranth (MRA), rotation quinoa (MRQ), and continuous millet rotation (CK) as the objects. The soil nutrient content was determined, and the sequence of the ITS variation region of soil fungi was determined using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. The results showed that the effects of different rotation patterns on the soil nutrients were different. The soil pH and electrical conductivity decreased under three rotation patterns, and the soil total nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus, and organic matter contents increased. The number of OTUs and α diversity index was higher than those of continuous millet rotation. The results of the fungal community composition study showed that Ascomycota was the dominant flora in 4 patterns. The cluster analysis showed that the fungal genus composition of MRA and MRG was the most similar, followed by MRQ, and that of CK was significantly different with the other three rotation patterns. A correlation analysis showed that the soil nutrients were significantly correlated with several dominant fungal genera (P less then 0.05 or P less then 0.01). Further, the soil total nitrogen, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, and organic matter contents were the most important factors influencing the soil fungal communities. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the MRG rotation patterns were better than those of the MRA and MRQ patterns. In summary, crop rotation improved the polytrophic index of the fungal community, changed the soil fungal community structure, and improved soil fertility. Among, the millet and soybean rotation were the best, and we have suggested to promote cereal rotation as one of the main rotation patterns in the cereal industry in the central dry zone.To investigate the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer and straw on bacterial and fungal communities in fluvo-aquic soil under a wheat-maize rotation system in North China, a field-oriented fertilization experiment was performed at a trial base in Ninghe District of Tianjin. The differences in composition, diversity, and structure of bacterial and fungal communities were evaluated using five fertilization patterns (chemical fertilizer, F; chemical fertilizer reduction, FR; chemical fertilizer reduction combined with straw, FRS; chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer, FRO; chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer and straw, FROS) using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Further, the main soil environmental factors driving the alteration of bacterial and fungal communities under different fertilization treatments were explored in combination with soil chemical analysis. The results showed that adding organic fertilifertilizer reduction with organic fertilizer. Therefore, the organic fertilizer and straw drive the changes in the bacterial and fungal community composition, while improving the soil physicochemical properties. The fluvo-aquic fungi were more sensitive to the organic materials than the bacteria. Soil P was a common important influencing factor for regulating the bacterial and fungal community structure, and it should be paid full attention during the agricultural cultivation of fluvo-aquic soil.Long-term stability is important for the practical application of aerobic granular sludge system under low carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). In this study, aerobic granular sludge, seeded in the reactors A and B, were cultivated under low C/N to investigate the properties, performance, and resilience to shock load in the long-term operation. The load of carbon and nitrogen in the feed was increased gradually. The C/N of reactor A was kept at 2, while that of reactor B was kept at 4 initially and then reduced to 2 in the shock load stage. It was discovered that the aerobic granular sludge stored at 4℃ for 30 days was essentially revived after 25 days of cultivation in reactors A and B, with over 90% removal efficiency for COD and ammonia, respectively. In the following stages, the removal efficiencies of COD and ammonia in reactor B were over 90% and complete nitrification was achieved. In contrast, in reactor A, the removal efficiency of COD was only 80% and only partial nitrification was achieved; however, ammular system under the C/N of 4 had better performance in ammonia removal and higher tolerance to shock load, which guaranteed high stability of the aerobic granular sludge system in long-term operation, as compared to that under the C/N of 2.A rapid start of the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process based on granular sludge and efficient nitrogen removal under mixotrophic conditions are important steps in a continuous flow reactor for CANON engineering applications. In this study, an aged CANON granular sludge was mechanically crushed to 0.3 mm as inoculum in an airlift internal-loop reactor (AIR) to achieve simultaneous COD removal and mixotrophic denitrification of the single-stage granular sludge. The system achieved stable partial nitrification by controlling DO after 26 days of startup. Granulation and anaerobic ammonia oxidation were then promoted by shortening the HRT to increase the ammonia nitrogen load to 5.65 kg ·(m3 ·d)-1. The total nitrogen removal rate reached 58% on the 68th day. Subsequently, the C/N ratio of influent was increased from 0 to 0.25 and 0.5, which promoted the synergistic growth of AOB, AMX, and heterotrophic microorganisms. The removal rates of ammonia and total nitrogen were 95% and 85% respectively, and the removal of COD reached approximately 80%. The activity of NOB such as Nitrospira was effectively inhibited as the COD concentration was increased. q(NH4+-N) and q(TN) were stable at 0.4 g ·(g ·h)-1 and 0.34 g ·(g ·h)-1, respectively, while q(NO3--N) was approximately 0.02 g ·(g ·h)-1. Microbial diversity was observed using MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. It showed that organic carbon had no significant effect on the abundance of Nitrosomomas and Candidutus_Kuenenia, while increasing the abundance of Candidutus_Brocadia and Denitratisoma in the sludge. This study provides ideas for the rapid start of continuous flow CANON granular sludge process to treat wastewater with low C/N ratio.To promote the application of ANAMMOX process in landfill leachate treatment, a pilot reactor based on the ANAMMOX process was established at a landfill site. In this paper, we aim to further analyze the influence of different coupling modes of denitrification (DN) and partial nitrification and ANAMMOX (PN-ANAMMOX) on the diversity of microbial community. The DN+(PN-ANAMMOX) process could effectively treat the mature leachate. However, with an increase in organic matter in the influent, the oxygen demand of PN zone increased, and the enrichment of Nitrosomonadaceae in the PN zone was limited. The lack of substrate supply for ANAMMOX zone further limited the enrichment of Brocadiaceae as well; thus, the total nitrogen removal rate (TNRR) remained at 0.44 kg ·(m3 ·d)-1. In the DN-(PN-ANAMMOX) process, Saprospiraceae with denitrifying ability was enriched in the DN zone, and the organic matter was gradually degraded and removed; thus, a good low-carbon environment was provided for the subsequent PN-ANAMMOX process. Nitrosomonadaceae and Brocadiaceae were enriched in the functional zones, and the TNRR and total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) of the DN-(PN-ANAMMOX) were further elevated to 0.55 kg ·(m3 ·d)-1 and 94.65%, respectively. Moreover, the direct treatment of mature leachate with 2233 mg ·L-1 NH4+-N and 2712 mg ·L-1 COD was finally realized. In addition, Candidatus Kuenenia was better adapted to leachate and high substrate concentration wastewater, and it became the dominant genus in the ANAMMOX zone.Constructing an effective control strategy for the daily operation of sewage treatment plants daily operation is an important criterion for the removal performances of nutrient stable in winter. To investigate microbial community structure, functional groups, and relationships between population dynamics and effluent variation, activated sludge obtained from 4 plants, which were running stably in a low temperature period (8-15℃) in northern China, were sampled. The high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial community had good richness in the low temperature period during which the abundance of Actinobacteria increased. Nitrosomonas, a key functional ammonia oxidation bacterium, was greatly affected by the decreasing temperature, while Denitrifies, a highly diverse core group with wide distribution, maintained stable abundance indicating less influence of decreasing temperature. The denitrification efficiency was only associated with the mixed liquor reflux ratio. Tetrasphaera was widely present in four processes and played an important role for the removal of biological phosphorus. Sludge bulking phenomena caused by filamentous bacteria overgrowth occurred frequently in winter; however the quality of effluents was slightly influenced.The degradation of emerging pollutant artificial sweetener sucralose (SUC) using UV/persulfate (UV/PS). The effects of several process parameters, including UV light intensity, PS dosage, pH, and anion concentration, were also investigated. The degradation products and their toxicity during the UV/PS process were further analyzed and evaluated. It is reported that, compared with single UV or PS, the degradation of SUC by UV/PS was more obvious. The degradation rate constants increased with an increase in the light intensity and PS dosage. The SUC degradation could be improved under neutral conditions. The background ions NO3- and HCO3- could inhibit the degradation process, while Cl- and SO42- ions could accelerate the process. Sixteen intermediate products were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and GC-MS. Hydroxylation, oxidation, ether cracking, and other reactions were involved. A degradation path was further proposed. Moreover, luminescent bacteria toxicity test and ECOSAR prediction showed that the intermediates with higher toxicity could be produced during UV/PS, which could pose a potential threat to the ecological environment.A Cu0/PMS system mainly relies on the leaching of copper ions to degrade the pollutants and adapt to the narrow pH range ( less then 7). To solve this defect, we studied the properties and reaction mechanism of Cu0@Fe3O4 magnetic core-shell material, which was successfully prepared using co-precipitation method, taking PNP as the target pollutant. The results showed that ① a degradation rate of 96% can be achieved within 60 min for 5 mg ·L-1 PNP, 200 mg ·L-1 Cu0@Fe3O4, and 0.5 mmol ·L-1 PMS at a natural pH value (5.65); ② the Cu0@Fe3O4/PMS system can be regarded as a heterogeneous reaction system because TCu, TCu+, and iron leaching were almost negligible; ③ on comparing the performance of the Cu0@Fe3O4/PMS system and Cu0/PMS system in the pH range of 3 to 11, it was discovered that the method by which Cu0 activates the PMS to degrade the PNP was successfully changed by coating a layer of Fe3O4. The Cu0@Fe3O4/PMS system has a good degradation performance towards PNP in the pH range of 5-9; ④ SO-4 · and HO · existed in the reaction system, and their contribution rates to the reaction system were 34% and 60% ; HO · was the dominant free radical; ⑤ A bimetallic synergy exists between Fe and Cu. The presence of Cu(Ⅰ) can promote the reduction of Fe(Ⅲ) to Fe(Ⅱ), thereby forming a good redox cycle and improving the durability of the reaction system.Practical use of heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysis is inhibited by poor mass transfer and slow conversion of Fe(Ⅲ) to Fe(Ⅱ). In this study, we prepared a novel iron-copper bimetallic organic framework (MIL-101 (Fe,Cu)) using the solvothermal method, and carefully investigated its interfacial characters, catalytic efficacy toward dyes with methylene blue as a model pollutant, and the catalytic activating mechanisms involved in it. The MIL-101(Fe,Cu) exhibited a three-dimensional octahedral shape with a complete crystal structure. The specific BET surface area and average pore size were determined to be as high as 667.2 m2 ·g-1 and 1.9 nm, respectively. These characteristics benefits the exposure of the reactive sites and accelerates mass transfer accordingly. The MIL-101(Fe,Cu)/H2 O2 exhibited promising efficiency toward the degradation of methylene blue in a wide pH range; moreover, at a pH value of 5, the removal efficiency observed was as high as 100% after 20 min of reaction, which was 43.1% and 88.9% higher than that of MIL-101(Fe)/H2 O2 and H2 O2, respectively. Hydroxyl radical ( ·OH) is a dominant active species involved in the degradation of methylene blue using MIL-101(Fe,Cu)/H2 O2 as indicated in radicals quenching experiments. The results of species transformation in Fe and Cu indicated that Cu(Ⅱ) doping provided more active sites, and the Cu(Ⅱ)/Cu(Ⅰ) and Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ) cycles synergistically facilitated ·OH generation to improve the Fenton-like catalytic efficiency accordingly. The MIL-101(Fe,Cu) as a novel heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst achieved good performance without any significant pH adjustment and is practically viable for industrial wastewater treatment.Determining the influence of pervious/impervious underlying surface pattern (composition, position, proportion, etc.) on the generation capacity of surface runoff and pollution in the urban parcel-based catchment could aid in alleviating the urban waterlogging and control non-point source pollution significantly. Landscape metrics were used to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of pervious/impervious underlying surface pattern and total runoff (Q) and the cumulative load of dissolved pollutants (Ld) and particulate pollutants (Lp). The results showed that ① For the metrics of fragmentation, the patch density (PD) was positively correlated with Q and Ld. and largest patch index (LPI) was negatively correlated with them. Especially, the PD exhibited a significantly positive correlation with Ld(r=0.59, P less then 0.05, calculated in COD). However, the LPI exhibited a significantly negative correlation with Ld (r=-0.60, P less then 0.05, calculated in COD). ② For the metrics of complexity, landelationship of the fragmentation, complexity, and vergence of pervious/impervious surface, with the runoff generation, and pollution output in parcel-based catchment was analyzed, which provided a new method for rainfall runoff and pollution control by considering rational allocation of LID facilities in terms of its pattern characteristics (area, distance, shape, etc.).Microplastic pollution due to land runoff has gained increasing attention as it is closely associated with human beings. In this study, we analyzed the occurrence characteristics of microplastics in drainage channel and main drainage channel in Hetao irrigation district of Inner Mongolia and estimated its quality. Through field sampling, the density separation of suspension method and microscope observation, Fourier infrared spectrum measurement, and proportional flow method, the abundance distribution, shape, color, particle size, and chemical composition of microplastics in the water body and sediment of the drainage channel and main drainage channel in the Hetao irrigation district were identified. The mass of microplastics transported in the main drainage channel was also estimated. The results showed that the value range of microplastic abundance in the water body of the drainage channel and the main drainage channel in Hetao irrigation district was 2880-11200 n ·m-3, and the value range of microplastic olia.Cadmium pollution poses a threat to human health. The examination of spatial distribution of Cd in soils can be used to assess the risks posed to humans and the environment. The enrichment characteristics and variation rules of heavy metal cadmium in the soil were revealed by analyzing the concentration and fractions of Cd in the soil at different depths in the sea-land interaction zone. The results showed that ① the concentration of Cd in the surface water of Nansha was lower than 0.0001 mg ·L-1, and the physical and chemical properties of river sediments showed spatial differences with the boundary of "Shang Heng-li River". Cd was mainly deposited in the north of the "Shang Heng-li River", with the mean total Cd of 2.71 mg ·kg-1. The total Cd in the sediment of the "Shang Heng-li River" and the rivers south of it were 0.062-0.39 mg ·kg-1, which caused minimal harm to the marine environment. ② The content of Cd in the soil profile gradually decreased with an increase in soil burial depth. The median content of Cd in the five layers, including 0-20 cm, 20-50 cm, 50-90 cm, 90-140 cm, and 140-200 cm, were 0.51, 0.50, 0.45, 0.42, and 0.33 mg ·kg-1, respectively, and the dispersion degree gradually decreased with an increase in buried depth; the vertical migration amount and migration depth of Cd increased significantly in soils with pH less than 5. ③ The residual Cd in the soil accounted for approximately 40%, and the trend was typically flat with a change in buried depth. The median proportion of acid soluble Cd was consistent with the change in pH and increased with an increase in the buried depth of the profile, while the median proportion of reducible Cd was consistent with the change in iron and manganese content, and decreased with an increase in buried depth of section. These results have important guiding significance for the regional prevention and control of Cd pollution in farmland surrounding cities and the treatment and remediation of polluted soil.In recent decades, intense human activities have caused a decline in many lake ecosystems in Yunnan Province, rendering the transformation of the lake from a clear macrophyte-dominated state to a turbid phytoplankton-dominated state. Improved understanding of the ecological changes in lake ecosystem has significant implications for management. In this study, a small lake in Dali Prefecture of Yunnan Province, i.e., Lake Xihu, was selected. Combined with diatom records and physicochemical proxies from the lake sediments, this paper focuses on the long-term ecological changes in Lake Xihu, Dali since the mid-1960s. The results show that the Lake Xihu, Dali has undergone a significant shift in stable states over the past 50 years. Prior to 2000, the benthic-epiphytic species (i.e., Cocconeis placentula, Staurosira construens, Gomphonema angustum, and Achnanthidium minutissimum) dominated in diatom assemblages, indicating oligotrophic conditions; since 2000, benthic-epiphytic species (i.e., Encyonopsis microcephala and Navicula cryptocephala) and planktonic species (i.e., Cyclotella atomus, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and Aulacoseira granulata) dominated successively, indicating mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions. Principal component analysis based on the diatom assemblages in temporal scale showed the response of diatoms succession to nutrients. Redundancy analysis also confirmed that nutrient enrichment was the main driving force for the succession of diatom assemblages in Lake Xihu, Dali. In the past 50 years, climate change and human activities (i.e., agricultural reclamation, fertilization, animal husbandry, and fishery) have enhanced the accumulation of nutrients in the lake. The continuous loading of nutrients promoted the propagation of planktonic algae, and also the productivity of the lake, rendering the transformation to a turbid phytoplankton-dominated state.Aiming at non-point sources pollution in the agricultural areas with large topographic fluctuations and spatial differences in precipitation, a SWAT model was used to evaluate the spatial variations in the critical source areas (CSAs) of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) under two precipitation scenarios, i.e., heterogeneous precipitation and uniform precipitation. A change in the CSAs identified based on the two precipitation scenarios during the study period were statistically calculated, and the relationship between the CSAs and precipitation variables was discussed. The study results showed that when the total precipitation was the same, the variation tendency of the identified CSAs for TN and TP under the two precipitation scenarios were similar, and very close for a few years. According to the results of the pair t test, the CSAs of TP were not affected by the spatial variation of precipitation, while the change in CSAs for TN was more significant under different precipitation scenarios, which is likely due to the difference in the physical properties of nitrogen and phosphorus. The correlation analysis between the CSAs of TN and TP with precipitation variables showed that the variation in the CSAs of TP was positively correlated with the precipitation variables in the same year, while the variation in the CSAs of TN was strongly related to the precipitation variables of the previous year. The results obtained in this study are of great significance for further exploring the impact of uncertainty of precipitation, which is an important driving factor, on the CSAs of non-point sources pollution and the governance of agricultural non-point sources pollution.Considering the Haihe River Basin as an example, the DPeRS model was used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and pollution sources of the diffuse pollution by remote sensing pixel scale. Combined with the evaluation standard of surface water quality, a potential risk grading method for diffuse pollution was constructed to assess the potential risk of diffuse pollution in Haihe River Basin. The results showed that, in 2016, the diffuse discharge loads of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 429.2, 25.7, 288.3, and 1017.0 kg ·km-2, respectively, with the amount of river entry being 2.5×104 ton, 1597.2 ton, 1.7×104 ton, and 6.6×104 ton in Haihe River Basin, respectively. Farmland runoff is the most important source of diffuse pollution of TN, TP and NH4+-N in the Haihe River Basin. For COD index, urban life is the primary type of pollution, followed by livestock. The diffuse pollution is relatively severe in the central and southern areas of Haihe River Basin, and this area is also a high-risk concentrated distribution area of diffuse pollution in the basin. The distribution of high-risk areas of nitrogen-phosphorus diffuse pollution are relatively concentrated, and the chemical oxygen demand is relatively scattered. More than 36% of the Haihe River Basin has a nitrogen-phosphorus diffuse pollution risk, and 2.94% of the area has a chemical oxygen demand diffuse pollution risk.The emission of nitrogen and phosphorus via non-point source pollution from a small watershed has become the main pollution source of river waters, while climatic conditions and human activities directly affect the changes in rainfall-runoff and types of land use that are closely related to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. In this study, we explore the runoff loss, nitrogen and phosphors concentration, and nitrogen and phosphorus emission in Huajiaogou small watershed on the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The rainfall, runoff, and temporal changes of nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed using the continuous position monitoring data. The results showed that① the runoff volumes were 10.05×105 m3 and 3.34×105 m3 from July 1st to September 30th, accounting for 76.58% and 56.51% in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and they were positively correlated to rainfall. The peak concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) from April 1st to June 30th were 11.51 mg ·L-1 and 4.44 mg ·L-1in 2012 and 2013, respectively. ② The NH4+-N emission risk period was from July 1st to September 30th, accounting for 78.45% and 62.24% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The peak concentration and emission risk period of total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were from July 1st to September 30th, and NO3--N was the main form of the total nitrogen emission. The peak concentration of NO3--N was 6.06 mg ·L-1 and 11.43 mg ·L-1in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and the loss in NO3--N from July 1st to September 30th accounted for 88.74% and 65.55% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. ③The emission risk period of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), and particulate phosphorus (PP) was also from July 1st to September 30th, and the particulate phosphorus was the main form of the total phosphorus emission. The particulate phosphorus emission from July 1st to September 30th accounted for 36% and 68% in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and the ration of particle phosphorus to total phosphorus was easily affected by rainfall.Shallow groundwater is the main drinking water supply for the mountainous area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, while its quality is often degraded by nitrate (NO3--N) pollution due to intensive agricultural production activities. In the present study, we selected a mountainous agricultural watershed in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to investigate the land use, management, and hydrogeological conditions, aiming to clarify the spatial-temporal variations in NO3--N concentration of shallow groundwater, thereby exploring the key regulators. The results showed that the NO3--N concentrations of the groundwater ranged from 0.40 to 12.51 mg ·L-1in the study area, and the exceeding ratio was nearly 30%. On an average, NO3--N concentrations for the wet season were higher than that for the dry season, indicating great variations in NO3--N concentration across different seasons. In addition, the spatial variations of NO3--N concentration in groundwater were also significant among different sub-catchment, which was mainly due to variations in the groundwater table depth and land uses. Furthermore, the significant correlations between the NO3--N concentrations and concentrations of Cl-, NH4+-N, DOC, and SO42- in the shallow groundwater were also explored in this study, suggesting that the NO3--N concentrations were likely to depend on the chemical factors of the shallow groundwater in the study area. Overall, our current study highlights that the characterization of spatial-temporal variations of NO3--N status in shallow groundwater and illustration of key regulators are essential to mitigate NO3--N pollution and prevent quality degradation of shallow groundwater in mountainous rural areas of the upper Yangtze River watershed.To investigate the spatiotemporal differentiation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in urban water-source reservoirs and degradation sources of BDE homologues and their contributions, we analyzed the contents, pollution degrees, spatial distributions, hydrological period changes, inventories, profiles, and degradation source contributions of PBDEs in the surface sediments of Shanmei Reservoir and its inflowing river, Quanzhou, China. The results showed that the median ∑PBDEs (1072.1 ng ·g-1) in the inflowing river sediment was 6.7 times than that of the reservoir (160.4 ng ·g-1) and the total amount of ∑PBDEs in sediments per unit area (80.3 kg ·km-2) was 6.3 times than that of Taihu Lake and 188 times than that of the Great Lakes in North America. The pollution degrees of PBDEs in Shanmei Reservoir were more severe than those of most lakes and reservoirs at home and abroad, which was dominated by BDE-209 (84.5%-99.2%). Most of the sampling sites in the reservoir (r 0.564-0.994, P less then 0.034) and were above 70%.To investigate the occurrence, distribution, and potential risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the South costal area of China, a total of 20 PPCPs in water and aquatic organisms (fish, crab, and shellfish), obtained from 7 coastal rivers of the Chaoshan area, were determined using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that up to 16 to 18 kinds of PPCPs could be detected in the rivers and aquatic organisms of the Chaoshan area, and the concentrations of PPCPs in the rivers and organisms ranged from 0.30-2223 ng ·L-1 to 0.143-80.3 ng ·g-1, respectively, with a high detection rate for many pollutants. Significant differences were observed in the samples of water and organisms. The total concentration of PPCPs in the rivers of the Chaoshan area was in the order of Huanggang River > Lianjiang River > Huangjiang River > Longjiang River > Luohe River > Rongjiang River > Hanjiang River, with the domiogical risks for algae in the Huanggang River and Lianjiang Rivers and for fleas in the Huangjiang River.As an important carrier of heavy metal pollutants in urban dust, green plants play an important role in the study of heavy metal pollution in the environment. To quantitatively assess the pollution degree, spatial distribution, and characteristics of dust accumulation of heavy metals in the leaves of 10 dominant green plants in Baoji City, the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, and As were determined in 156 leaf samples with a ground height of 0, 1, and 3 m in Baoji City, and the biological enrichment coefficient (BCF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (RI) were calculated. The enrichment amounts of Cr, As, Ni, Pb, and Cd were the highest in the leaves of the green plants in Baoji City. The contents of Cr, Ni, and As in Ophiopogon Japonicus were the highest; the highest content of Cd was found in privet leaves, and the contents of Pb, Ni, and As in the leaves of tarasone were the highest. Clover, privet, and photinia revealed significant enrichment of Cd. The contents of Cr, As, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Zn decreased with an increase in the height of spatial distribution. Moreover, the rate of decrease in Cr was up to 24%, and the peak areas were around the Qianhe industrial zone, Renjiawan railway station, and the municipal government. According to PLI and RI values, the Renjiavan railway station and Qianhe industrial zone were moderately polluted areas with moderate ecological risk level, whereas the high-tech avenue area represented a strong ecological risk level. In addition, the PLI values of both Cr and As in the leaves of the green plants were greater than 3, indicating a level of severe pollution. Based on the average E r i values, Cd and As were the most ecologically harmful elements. The study area was at a medium risk level.Combined air pollution has become one of the most important city diseases in China. The construction of an urban forest not only needs landscape aesthetics, but also requires selecting a plant of high comprehensive tolerance threshold based on the needs of the ecological environment of each city, which has become a standard to maintain the sustainable development of the urban forest ecological function under environmental pollution. According to the comprehensive factor analysis of the sorption and absorption capacity of 537 plants to six air pollutants (i.e., sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, ozone, and particulate matters), the results showed that the tree species with strong comprehensive tolerance ability to six air pollutants were Morus alba, Platycladus orientalis, and Ailanthus altissima; the tree species with medium comprehensive tolerance ability were Populus tomentosa, Acer truncatum, Sabina chinensis, Amygdalus davidiana, Salix babylonica, Paulownia fortunei, and Pinus tabulaeformis; the trees species with relatively weak comprehensive tolerance ability were Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus×canadensis, Ginkgo biloba, Juglans regia, Platanus acerifolia, Koelreuteria paniculata, Lagerstroemia indica, and Forsythia suspensa. According to the characteristics of climate, economic structure, and air pollutants of the cities in the north and south of China, the urban forest should be constructed using selected species with a strong comprehensive tolerance ability to achieve maximum purification effect of the urban forest ecological service function.In this research, the activity data of Sichuan Province were collected using bottom-up and top-down methods. According to the second survey of pollution sources, the activity data of industrial source includes information of 11020 boilers and 60078 industrial enterprises. Data of 19152 industrial enterprises were collected in Chengdu, accounting for 32% of the total number of enterprises in Sichuan Province. The anthropogenic air pollutant emission inventory of 9 km×9 km was developed for Sichuan Province in 2017 with the use of appropriate emission estimation methods. The results showed that the total emission of SO2,NO x ,CO,PM10,PM2.5,BC,OC,VOCs, and NH3 in Sichuan were 308.6×103, 725.7×103, 3131.2×103, 927.6×103, 422.4×103, 30.2×103, 72.0×103, 600.9×103, and 887.1×103 t. The fixed combustion source and process source mainly contributed as sources of SO2. The main source of CO was the process source and mobile source. Further, the dust source and process source were the main sources of PM10 and PM2.5, and the dust source was the largest source of BC and OC contributions. The emission sources of the VOCs were primarily the process sources, mobile sources and solvent use sources. The NH3 emissions were mainly from livestock and poultry breeding and nitrogen fertilizer applications. The spatial distribution results showed that the pollutants were mainly concentrated in the densely populated Sichuan basin and Panzhihua region, where industry and agriculture were relatively developed. The high value points are concentrated along the Deyang-Chengdu-Meishan-Leshan line in Chengdu Plain. The emission inventory established in this study still has certain uncertainties, and the accuracy of activity level data acquisition should be further enhanced. Moreover, pollutant emission factor testing should be carried out for typical pollution sources, and grid emission inventory should be improved to provide scientific support for the prevention and control of air pollution in Sichuan Province in the future.Mobile source emissions have become a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas. Most of the previous studies focus on the emissions from a single source such as on-road mobile source (vehicles) or non-road mobile source (construction machinery, agricultural machinery, ships, railway diesel locomotives, aircraft), but few studies investigate the mobile source emissions as a whole. In this study, we introduced a method for developing mobile source emission inventory with high spatiotemporal resolution, and applied this method in Tianjin in 2017 to analyze the emission compositions and spatiotemporal characteristics there. The results showed that the CO, VOCs, NO x , and PM10 emissions from the mobile sources were 183.03, 64.18, 149.85, and 8.36 thousand tons, respectively. The on-road mobile source was the main contributor to CO and VOCs emissions, accounting for 85.38% and 86.60%, respectively. The non-road mobile source was the main contributor to NO x and PM10 emissions, accounting for 57.32% and 66.95%, respectively. According to the temporal distributions, the mobile source emissions were lowest in February for all pollutants. Moreover, they were highest in October for CO and VOCs and in August for NO x and PM10. Holidays (such as Spring Festival and National Day) have a significant impact on the temporal distribution of the mobile source emissions. According to the spatial distributions, the CO and VOCs emissions were concentrated in urban areas and roads with heavy traffic flow (highways and national highways), and the NO x and PM10 were concentrated in urban areas and port areas. The spatial distributions of different pollutants were determined by the location of their major contributors. This study can provide the required data for fine air pollution control and air quality simulation in Tianjin. Moreover, this method can be applied to the other areas where a mobile source emission inventory needs to be developed.To explore the difference in the emission of air pollutants from coal stoves, five new and common residential coal stoves (square briquette, baffled heat exchange, heating and cooking integrated gasification positive burning, and gasification reverse burning stove) were selected. The emission level of major air pollutants was determined using simulated combustion in the laboratory for quantitatively evaluating the environmental effects of different coal stoves. Moreover, the factors and reasons for the differences were identified, and suggestions for the reduction of emission were proposed. The results showed that ① the emissions of air pollutants from different coal stoves were significantly different; the heating and cooking integrated stove had the largest emission intensity (2.9 kg ·t-1) of air pollutants (SO2, NO x , and TSP), which was 1.6 times of the average value, and the square briquette stove had the lowest emission level, which was 65% of the average value. ② The emissions of gaseous pollutants fry coal stoves to reduce the emission of air pollutants from coal-fired stoves.As flue gas desulfurization (FGD) was one of the most important purification processes of coal-fired boilers, we selected four boilers, which were equipped with wet limestone, furnace calcium injection, ammonia-based, and double-alkali FGDs, to research the influence of FGDs on the flue particulate matter (PM). The flue PM before and after the FGD were sampled using laboratory resuspension and dilution tunnel sampling methods, respectively, and the PM was analyzed for its chemical composition (i.e., ions, elements, and carbon). The results showed that the types of desulfurizers could influence the composition of the flue PM. After passing through the wet limestone, ammonia-based, and double-alkali FGDs, the proportion of Ca, NH4+, and Na in PM2.5 increased from 5.1% to 24.8%, from 0.8% to 7.3%, and from 0.9% to 1.7%, respectively. The influence of wet and dry FGDs on the flue PM were different. The fraction of ions in the PM emitted from the wet FGD were higher than those from the dry FGD. The proportion of SO42- in the flue PM2.5 increased from 2.0% and 6.7% to 9.6% and 11.9% using the wet limestone and ammonia-based FGDs, respectively, and Cl- increased from 0.4% and 1.2% to 3.8% and 5.2%. In addition, the amount of heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Pb, Cu, Ti, and Mn) in PM2.5 declined after the wet FGDs. The PM2.5 emitted from the dry FGD boiler was richer in crustal elements, such as Al, Si, and Fe, than that from the wet FGDs. The wet FGDs also effected the carbonaceous components of the flue PM. After passing through the wet limestone and ammonia-based FGDs, the proportion of elemental carbon in the flue PM2.5 decreased from 6.1% to 0.9% and from 3.6% to 0.7% respectively, but the organic carbon content did not decrease.Presently, there are a few studies on the measurement of industrial organic solvents in China. To determine the content and species of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial organic solvents and to provide the emission factors of organic solvents, the Chinese wood and automotive coatings, which accounted for the largest proportion of production in the world, were investigated. Coating samples were obtained by sampling from companies and buying from markets, and were measured in accordance with the domestic standard testing methods for coatings. The content and composition spectrum of VOCs in the coatings were determined, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) was then calculated. The results showed that for wood coatings, the average content of the VOCs in solvent-based, water-based, and ultra-violet (UV) coatings were 37.28%, 9.88%, and 18.02%, respectively. For automotive coatings, the average content of the VOCs in water-based original equipment manufacturer (OEM) coating, solvent-based OEM coating, water-based refinishing coating, and solvent-based refinishing coating were 15.06%, 59.90%, 11.79%, and 54.50%, respectively. The content of the VOCs in different types of coatings varied substantially. The main components and OFP contributors were alcohols and ethers for water-based coatings, benzene series and esters for solvent-based coatings, and esters, alcohols, and ethers for UV coatings. The average value of the coating samples could meet the current mandatory national standards, but 12% of the solvent-based wood coating samples and 42% of the solvent-based OEM coating samples did not meet the standards. In addition, except for the benzene series of the water-based wood coatings, the contents of harmful substances in other coating samples were up to the standards.During the National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities (NTGEM) 2019, air quality in Zhengzhou was analyzed to evaluate the impact of pollution prevention and control measures on Zhengzhou. Ground-observed meteorological and pollutant data as well as the chemical compositions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated. The results showed that the six parameters of pollutants in the safeguard period in 2019 indicated a downward trend as compared with that during the same time in 2018, and the average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were decreased by 16.2% and 25.1%, respectively. However, the average concentration of O3 was only reduced by 3.7%. The daily proportions of primary pollutants of O3 increased to 90% during the NTGEM, and the ozone pollution was severe in this period. Meanwhile, the concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in the safeguard period was 26.21×10-9, which was significantly lower than that during the historical period. Six emission sources of the VOCs were identified using PMF model, including vehicle exhaust (28%), LPG evaporation (21%), combustion source (16%), industrial emissions (15%), solvent utilization (15%), and biogenic VOCs (5%). During the NTGEM period, the control of combustion sources and industrial sources was evident.In this study, according to the activity levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sources and source profiles, a 2016-based inventory of the speciation emission of the VOCs was established and the ozone formation potential (OFP) were estimated in Zhengzhou. The results showed that the total VOCs emission in Zhengzhou in 2016 was 96215.3 t. The highest emission source was on-road mobile source (29.7%) followed by solvent use sources (28.1%). The species that contributed the highest emission was alkanes (29.8%) followed by aromatics (29.0%). The OFP in Zhengzhou in 2016 was 341291.0 t with the highest contributing source as on-road mobile (30.5%) followed by solvent use source (28.8%). Moreover, the light duty gasoline vehicle, use of interior wall coatings, vehicle surface coating, gas station loading and unloading, and manufacture of non-metallic mineral were the major secondary emission sources of OFP, which needed to be controlled for reducing ozone pollution in Zhengzhou. For VOCs species group, the higher contribution groups were aromatics (42.8%) and alkenes (38.9%). The sources that produced m/p-xylene, propylene, ethylene, and other species should be paid more attention.To understand the trends and characteristics of air pollution in Baoding in recent years, an analysis of air quality and air pollutant concentrations in Baoding from 2013 to 2018 was carried out. The results showed that 1 from 2013 to 2018, the comprehensive index of Baoding dropped from 11.6 to 6.6, the days of severe pollution decreased from 114 days to 27 days, and cumulative concentration of pollutants during severe pollution decreased from 57.34% to 20.59%. This indicated that the air quality of Baoding city has improved year on year from 2013 to 2018. Not only has the number of heavy pollution days and the annual average concentration of pollutants decreased, but also the proportion of cumulative concentrations of pollutants during heavy pollution has decreased. the difference between the average concentration level of Baoding city and "2+26" Cities is getting smaller and smaller. ② Summer ρ(O3-8h) increased year on year. In 2017 and 2018, the heavy pollution days caused by O3 accounted for 17.0% and 14tion increased as compared to that during the high pollution season in 2017, indicating that the coal combustion was still one of the pollution sources that Baoding city needed to control. In summary, Baoding should strengthen the management and control of motor vehicles in autumn, and gradually change from the original coal control measures to a combination of coal control and diesel control in winter; in the future, the focus of air pollution prevention and control should be strengthened toward O3 pollution.To evaluate the effect of emergency emission reduction measures during the heavy air pollution episodes in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and its surrounding areas, a scenario simulation method was used. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3-8h, air quality index (AQI), characteristics of heavy air pollution, and climate and meteorological factors were analyzed using the observation data available from October to December 2019. The 24 h, 72 h, and 144 h prediction results of NAQPMS model were analyzed. The uncertainties of the assessment and model prediction were discussed. The results showed that the average PM2.5 concentration in Beijing, Tianjin, and its surrounding 26 cities ("2+26" cities) from October to December 2019 was 64 μg ·m-3, indicating a decrease of 10 μg ·m-3 as compared with that during the same period in 2018. There were 4 occurrences of regional heavy air pollution episodes, with the average PM2.5 concentration of 156 μg ·m-3 of affected cities. The value of evaluation on meteorological condition index of PM2.5 pollution (EMI) of "2+26" cities ranged from -15.6%-16.8%. The meteorological conditions of 12 cities, including Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang, deteriorated as compared with those during the same period in 2018, and the changes ranged from 3.2%-16.8%. However, the emergency emission reduction measures effectively reduced the occurrence of regional heavy air pollution episodes, the peak concentration of PM2.5 was decreased significantly, and no severe regional pollution episode occurred. The daily PM2.5 concentrations reduced by 2% to 9% in Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Tangshan, and other cities during a typical heavy air pollution period. The quarterly average concentrations of PM2.5 in the "2+26" cities reduced by 1 to 3 μg ·m-3. The regional emergency emission reduction measures have played an active role in protecting the health of the people and improving the quality of ambient air.Black carbon (BC) is an important component of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) emitted during the combustion process. Light absorption and scattering exhibited by BC affect the exchange of solar energy on Earth. In this study, continuous measurements of atmospheric particulate BC were carried out, using a BC analyzer (AE33) in the suburban area of Nanjing from January 2019 to May 2019, to realize the diurnal variations of BC during the different seasons and potential sources of BC during the clean (CD, PM2.575 μg ·m-3). The results showed that the average concentration of BC was (3.8±2.3) μg ·m-3; a higher average BC concentration value of (4.3±2.6) μg ·m-3 was observed during the winter, exceeding that during the spring period by a factor of 1.3. The higher BC concentrations during the winter was attributed to the stagnant weather conditions and additional emissions. Significant diurnal cycles of BC were observed with higher BC concentrations during rush hours of traffic, suggesting traffic origins. The Ångström exponent were 1.32 and 1.30 during the spring and winter periods, respectively, indicating that the BC was mainly produced from the traffic emissions during both the seasons. This hypothesis was also supported by the average BC/CO ratio of 0.005, which was similar to that of BC derived by traffic emissions. Moreover, we discovered that the contributions of traffic emissions to BC were 68%-87% and 72%-86% during the haze and clean periods, respectively. This indicated enhanced contributions of coal combustion and biomass burning to BC in Nanjing during the haze events. Finally, using the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis, we highlighted that the BC at the receptor site was mainly from the local emissions in the surrounding areas of Nanjing.Based on the online monitoring data of gaseous pollutants and components in PM2.5 from Chengdu super observatory of atmospheric environment, the meteorological factors and component characteristics of three haze pollution process in Chengdu from 2019 to 2020 were analyzed. The CMB model was adopted to simulate the sources and variation trends of PM2.5 pollution during the study period, and the causes of each pollution process were analyzed. The results showed that all the three pollution processes occurred under adverse meteorological conditions, where the relative humidity and temperature continued to rise and the wind speed and boundary layer height continued to decrease. The average daily relative humidity was greater than 70%, average daily temperature was greater than 8℃, average daily wind speed was less than 0.8 m ·s-1, and average daily boundary layer height was less than 650 m. During the three events of pollution, the main components were NO3-, OC, NH4+, and SO42-. Among them, the mass concentration and proportion of NO3- increased by 1.
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