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The application of Important Natural oils along with their Separated Materials for the treatment Dental Yeast infection: The Literature Evaluate.
Characterizing likelihood of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an important yet unmet challenge. In this study, a machine-learning framework is developed using imaging of biopsy pathology specimens to generate models of likelihood of NAC response. Developed using cross-validation (evaluable N = 66) and an independent validation cohort (evaluable N = 56), our models achieve promising results (65%-73% accuracy). Interestingly, one model-using features derived from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissues in conjunction with clinico-demographic features-is able to stratify the cohort into likely responders in cross-validation and the validation cohort (response rate of 65% for predicted responder compared with the 41% baseline response rate in the validation cohort). The results suggest that computational approaches applied to routine pathology specimens of MIBC can capture differences between responders and non-responders to NAC and should therefore be considered in the future design of precision oncology for MIBC.
Alopecia areata (AA) has been postulated to be an autoimmune disease affecting the hair follicles. Because vitamin D receptors are present in the immune system and hair follicles, vitamin D has been hypothesized to affect the disease.

The aim of this study was to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the percentage of vitamin D deficiency in AA patients and compare them with those in healthy controls in a Philippine tertiary hospital.

This cross-sectional study included 29 AA patients and 29 healthy controls. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were determined using the chemiluminescent immunoassay method.

There was no significant difference in the mean vitamin D levels between AA patients (24.41±6.87ng/mL) and healthy controls (24.68±6.68ng/mL) (
=.88).The percentage of patients with vitamin D deficiency, defined as <20ng/mL, trended to higher among AA patients (34.4%) than among healthy controls (17.2%), with an odds ratio of 2.53 (95% CI 0.73-8.65), though this was not statsitically significant.

This study involved a limited number of patients in an urbanized area in the Philippines, and majority of the AA cases seen had mild AA.

The trend toward the increased percentage of vitamin D-deficient individuals among AA patients seen in this study may provide insight into the association of vitamin D with AA.
The trend toward the increased percentage of vitamin D-deficient individuals among AA patients seen in this study may provide insight into the association of vitamin D with AA.We report two cases with recurrences of urachal adenocarcinoma (UrAC) in the urethra. Both patients had mucinous UrAC without metastasis, for which they were treated with en-bloc partial cystectomy and umbilectomy. The first patient developed recurrence of UrAC in the distal urethra after 1 yr. Distal urethrectomy revealed multiple additional recurrences in the penile and prostatic urethra. The patient underwent radical cystoprostatectomy with en-bloc urethrectomy. At 5 mo after surgery, liver metastases were found. A search in our institutional database revealed a second patient who developed a solitary recurrence of UrAC in the prostatic urethra 8 yr after partial cystectomy. Radical cystoprostatectomy was performed. The patient subsequently experienced recurring UrAC in the urethra, which were treated with multiple surgeries and radiation. Unfortunately, local tumor control could not be achieved and the patient developed distant metastases 7 yr after cystoprostatectomy. Our two cases and four comparable cases reported in the literature indicate that urothelial spread of UrAC is rare but possible. It remains to be determined if UrAC spreads along the urothelium similar to urothelial cancer or if these multifocal urethral recurrences were the first sign of local metastasis.Many cancers, including leukemias, are dynamic oligoclonal diseases. Tools to identify and prospectively isolate genetically distinct clones for functional studies are needed. We describe our CombiFlow protocol, which is a combinatorial flow cytometry-based approach to identify and isolate such distinct clones. CombiFlow enables the visualization of clonal evolution during disease progression and the identification of potential relapse-inducing cells at minimal residual disease (MRD) time points. The protocol can be adapted to various research questions and allows functional studies on live sorted cell populations. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to de Boer et al. (2018).Oxidized phosphatidylcholine (OxPC) found in multiple sclerosis brain lesions mediates neurodegeneration. Microglia are prominent responders to the OxPC insult, and thus, studying their protective or noxious functions is important to help halt neurodegeneration. Here, we present protocols including cell isolation and culture, animal surgeries, as well as tissue processing and isolation to study the microglia response to OxPC-mediated neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Dong et al. (2021).About 150 modifications have been identified in RNA species. Besides their regulatory roles in the intracellular gene expression, abundant modified RNA nucleosides are catabolized from RNA and released into extracellular fluids, which can impact extracellular signaling as ligands for receptors. Here, we describe a protocol to prepare samples from biological specimens, including cultured cells, extracellular fluid, and tissues, to measure both intracellular and extracellular RNA modifications using mass spectrometry. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ogawa et al. (2021).Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside in the bone marrow and supply blood cells. Efficient methods for isolation of HSPCs are required. Here, we present protocols for the isolation of human and murine HSPCs using manual and FACS-assisted techniques. Isolated HSPCs can be used for downstream applications, including colony forming unit assays and DNA damage and repair assays. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Rodríguez et al. (2021a) and (2021b).The oral mucosa is an important site for virus infection and transmission, yet few animal models exist to examine the virology, pathology, and immunology of acute oral mucosal viral infection. Here, we provide a protocol for infecting and imaging the inner lip (labial mucosa) of mice with the poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV). Inoculation of the labial mucosa with a bifurcated needle results in viral replication and priming of an adaptive antiviral response that can be imaged using intravital microscopy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shannon et al. (2021).Preclinical efforts to improve medical countermeasures against organophosphate (OP) chemical threat agents have largely focused on adult male models. However, age and sex have been shown to influence the neurotoxicity of repeated low-level OP exposure. Therefore, to determine the influence of sex and age on outcomes associated with acute OP intoxication, postnatal day 28 Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were exposed to the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP; 3.4 mg/kg, s.c.) or an equal volume of vehicle (∼80 µL saline, s.c.) followed by atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime (2-PAM; 25 mg/kg, i.m.). Seizure activity was assessed during the first 4 h post-exposure using behavioral criteria and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. At 1 d post-exposure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in cortical tissue, and at 1, 7, and 28 d post-exposure, brains were collected for neuropathologic analyses. At 1 month post-DFP, animals were analyzed for motor ability, learning and memory, and hippocampal neurogenesis. Acute DFP intoxication triggered more severe seizure behavior in males than females, which was supported by EEG recordings. DFP caused significant neurodegeneration and persistent microglial activation in numerous brain regions of both sexes, but astrogliosis occurred earlier and was more severe in males compared to females. DFP males and females exhibited pronounced memory deficits relative to sex-matched controls. In contrast, acute DFP intoxication altered hippocampal neurogenesis in males, but not females. These findings demonstrate that acute DFP intoxication triggers seizures in juvenile rats of both sexes, but the seizure severity varies by sex. Some, but not all, chronic neurotoxic outcomes also varied by sex. The spatiotemporal patterns of neurological damage suggest that microglial activation may be a more important factor than astrogliosis or altered neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits in juvenile rats acutely intoxicated with OPs.Phenolic compounds in crude extracts were obtained from defatted sunflower seed flour using sodium bisulfite and ethanol solutions as extracting agents. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-proliferative, and DNA protective activities of the phenolic compounds in crude extract were analyzed. The phenolic compound contents were determined as chlorogenic acid (CGA) equivalent, presenting 11.57 and 15.44 g CGA eq/100g regarding the sodium bisulfite extract and ethanolic extract, respectively. The ORAC, DPPH, and ABTS methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Both extracts presented antioxidant properties, considering that the ethanolic extract demonstrated higher values (EC50 0.36 g extract/g DPPH•). The antimicrobial action was analyzed as to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 4 kinds of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis). The ethanolic extract was effective against all of these microorganisms, out of which E. coli was the most sensitive, with a MIC of 11.6 mg CGA/mL. The ethanolic extract presented DNA protective activity without cytotoxic activity concerning in vitro anti-proliferative assay. These findings can be considered as initial evidence of the potential use of phenolic compounds obtained from sunflower seed flour as natural additives in the food industry.Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) is an effective public health intervention to reduce opioid overdose fatalities (McDonald and Strang, Addiction 1111177-1187, 2016). However, we know little about OEND implementation outcomes (i.e., indicators of implementation success), specifically the fidelity of training delivery, and how these may relate to intervention outcomes (i.e., indicators of the success or effectiveness of an intervention), such as overdose knowledge and attitudes. This study evaluated 16 OEND trainings conducted at different Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs in New York City. Trainees (N = 75) completed the Opioid Overdose Knowledge and Attitude Scales before and after training (intervention outcomes). Implementation outcomes were fidelity (competence and adherence of the trainer, N = 10; modified Fidelity Checklist) and acceptability of OEND (Acceptability of Intervention Measure), assessed from multiple perspectives (trainees, trainers, and an independent observer). Trainees' overdose knowledge, t(71) = - 8.
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