Notes

Exactly what is the Link between Bisphenol The (Bisphenol a), an important Endocrine Disruptor, along with the Danger with regard to SARS-CoV-2 Contamination as well as Extreme COVID-19?
In vitro experiment showed recombinant PoMCSF promoted the activity of macrophage. In vivo experiment indicated that PoMCSF overexpression boosted the defensive ability of flounder against Edwardsiella piscicida, a severe fish pathogen that infects multiple species of economically important fish, and regulated the expression of multiple immune-related genes. To explore the relationship between PoMCSF and its receptor PoMCSFR, anti-PoMCSFR antibody was prepared and PoMCSFR knockdown was conducted. The neutralization assay showed that when PoMCSFR was neutralized by its antibody, the role of PoMCSF on host defense against E. piscicida was weakened. Knockdown of PoMCSFR impaired the phagocytic capacity of macrophages. Collectively, these findings suggest that PoMCSF plays a crucial role in the immune defense system of Japanese flounder and the effect of PoMCSF is dependent on PoMCSFR. This study provides new insights into the biological activity of MCSF and the relationship between MCSF and MCSFR in teleost.Due to dilution status of the urine, chemical concentrations measured in spot urine are frequently adjusted using correction factors, such as creatinine, specific gravity (SG), or osmolarity of the urine. Urinary correction factors, however, can be influenced dramatically by physiological changes such as pregnancy. Details about the variation of urine dilution over the course of pregnancy are not well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the variation of urine correction factors over time among the pregnant women of Korea (n = 69) and Thailand (n = 102). Creatinine, SG, and osmolality were determined in the urine samples obtained in each trimester of the participating women, and were compared by sampling time and by nationality. Implication of the variation in these correction factors was studied using phthalate metabolites measured in the urine samples as model chemicals. Urinary correction factors significantly varied across the trimesters especially in Korean pregnant women urinary creatinion and association.The effects of microplastics (MPs) on aquaculture animals have raised increasing concern, but studies on MPs contamination in cultured shrimp are still limited. Therefore, the responses of three widely farmed shrimp species to MPs, including Penaeus monodon (P. monodon), Marsupenaeus japonicas (M. japonicus) and Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei), were investigated in this study. The results showed that the mortality of P. monodon, M. japonicus and L. vannamei were 47%, 53% and 20% respectively after 48 h of 300 mg/L MPs exposure. After 48 h of 100 mg/L MPs exposure, for P. monodon, the MPs content in water and excreta were significantly different from that in M. japonicus and L. vannamei. For genes expressions, the expression of catalase (Cat) was significantly increased and the expression of apoptosis protein (IAP) was inhibited in these three shrimps, but only the expression of Lysozyme (Lys) was increased in L. vannamei after MPs exposure. After 48 h of depuration, the Cat and IAP expression of P. monodon and M. japonicus was significant decreased while the IAP and Lys expression of L. vannamei still maintained at a high level. The results suggested that the metabolic rate of MPs in P. monodon was significantly higher than that in M. japonicus and L. vannamei. The tolerance of L. vannamei to MPs was higher than that of P. monodon and M. japonicas and their different responses in anti-microbial gene might be one of the reasons for the difference of their mortality. This study provides the first report comparing the organism response distinction in cultured shrimp and enriching to the understanding of the impact of MPs on ecosystem.The Bokashi leachate (BL) is a by-product from the anaerobic digestion of food waste, following the Bokashi composting method. Bokashi leachate is acidic and it contains effective microorganisms hence it has potential to be a functional feed additive to the plant proteins based diets for fish farming. This study evaluated the growth performance and feed utilization of the red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fingerlings fed with the BL supplemented soybean meal (SBM) based diets. After an 8-week feeding trial, fish fed with the 5% BL supplemented SBM diet attained the highest weight gain. This result was significantly higher (p 0.05) to those fed with the control full fish meal (FM) diet. Generally, dietary inclusion of BL enhanced the fish feed intake on the SBM diet but it did not show clear sign of improvement in their feed utilization. In addition, no significant difference was found across the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index from all dietary treatments. These outcomes concluded that dietary inclusion of BL can enhance the feed intake and growth performance of the red tilapia fingerlings fed with the SBM based diet without compromising their health, and the optimum BL inclusion level was 5%. Nevertheless, further study on the properties and substances content of the BL produced from different types and ratios of food waste is strongly recommended. In this study, BL was also discovered to be capable of reducing the crude fiber content in the SBM diets. Such observation deserves a further exploitation on the application of BL to manipulate the crude fiber content in the plant proteins based diets in fish farming.Considering the live SARS-CoV-2 was detected and isolated from the excrement and urine of infected patients, the potential public health risk of its waterborne transmission should be paid broad and close attention. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the associations between COVID-19 incidences and hydrological factors such as lake area, river length, precipitation and volume of water resources in 30 regions of China. All confirmed cases for each areas were divided into two clusters including first cases cluster driven by imported cases during the period of January 20th to January 29th, 2020 and second cases cluster driven by local cases during the period of January 30th to March 1st, 2020. Based on the results of descriptive analysis and nonlinear regression analysis, positive associations with COVID-19 confirmed numbers were observed for migration scale index (MSI), river length, precipitation and volume of water resources, but negative associations for population density. The correlation coefficient in the second stage cases cluster is apparently higher than that in the first stage cases cluster. Then, the negative binomial-generalized linear model (NB-GLM) was fitted to estimate area-specific effects of hydrological variables on relative risk (RR) with the incorporation of additional variables (e.g., MSI) and the effects of exposure-lag-response. The statistically significant associations between RR and river length, the volume of water resources, precipitation were obtained by meta-analysis as 1.24 (95% CI 1.22, 1.27), 2.56 (95% CI 2.50, 2.61) and 1.59 (95% CI 1.56, 1.62), respectively. The possible water transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential capacity of long-distance transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in water environment was also discussed. Our results could provide a better guidance for local and global authorities to broaden the mind for understanding the natural-social system or intervening measures for COVID-19 control at the current or futural stage.Genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but relatively little is known about the effects of ambient air pollution. Using pollution data from air monitoring stations in the urban centers in Santiago Chile, along with daily patient hospitalization data from 2001 to 2012, an association between ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions for SLE was tested using generalized linear models. Averaged over all regions pollutant mean 24 h concentrations were 0.96 ppm carbon monoxide (CO), 64 ppb ozone (O3), 43 ppb nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 9 ppb sulphur dioxide (SO2), 29 μg/m3 particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in mean aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), and 67 μg/m3 particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in diameter (PM10). The relative risk estimates in single pollutant models for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in pollutant were RR = 1.34 (95% CI 1.06-1.83) for SO2, RR = 1.60 (95% CI 1.15-2.24) for CO, and RR = 1.41 (95% CI 1.14-1.86) for PM2.5. In two-pollutant models, the significance of SO2 and PM2.5 persisted despite adjustments for each of the other measured pollutants. These findings suggest that acute increases in air pollution increase the risk of hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of SLE.The spread of pharmaceutically active chemicals (PACs), such as antibiotics and estrogenic hormones from animal manures can pose threats to the ecologic environment. In this work, animal manure samples were collected from 71 concentrated animal feedlots in Northern China and investigated for 24 antibiotics and 4 estrogenic hormones. Results showed that these micropollutants were ubiquitous in manures with the concentration ranges of undetectable (ND)-543,445 μg/kg (mean 44,568 μg/kg) for antibiotics and ND-249.8 μg/kg (mean 24.78 μg/kg) for estrogens. There was a significant variation in the amounts of PACs in different animal manures. The amounts of antibiotics in manures had following order swine (83,177 μg/kg) >chicken (52,932 μg/kg) >beef (37,120 μg/kg) >dairy (305 μg/kg), while the estrogens in dairy (mean 39.27 μg/kg) and chicken manures (mean 40.08 μg/kg) were higher than those in beef (2.7 μg/kg) and swine manures (1.8 μg/kg). Based on the estimated farmland application rate of manure, antibiotics and estrogens may cause high ecological risks to terrestrial organisms according to the risk quotient evaluation. Estrogens could pose a relatively higher risk than antibiotics. The toxicological effects of antibiotics and estrogens to the terrestrial environment should receive more intensive study.
Micro-arteriovenous malformations (micro-AVMs) are defined as AVMs just visible on angiography with a nidus size between 0.5 and 1cm. Their principal manifestation is intracranial hemorrhage and their diagnosis and therapeutic management are still unclear.

The aim of our work was to show the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of ruptured cerebral micro-AVMs in a retrospective cohort study of 19 patients and a systematic review of the literature.

We obtained a total of 20 micro-AVMs in 19 patients. The mean age was 47.3 years. Clinical presentation was acute bleeding. The mean volume of hematoma was 12.9 mm
(0 - 60.4), with topographic distribution as follows 64% cortical with supratentorial bleeding, 26% deep, and 10% in the posterior fossa. Among the 20 micro-AVMs of the series, 11 (55%) had endovascular management, 6 (30%) had surgical treatment and 3 (15%) had GK radiosurgery alone. All of our patients have been cured at the end of the follow up without re-permeabilization. In our series, clinical outcome showed good recovery with a mean score of 4.6 on Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). In the literature, 88% of patients had a GOS of 4 or 5.

Intracerebral hematoma (ICH) was the main clinical manifestation. In the case of negative initial angiographic assessment, patients must have supraselective angiographic exploration. In the case of conservative treatment of hematoma, endovascular obliteration and microsurgical exclusion seems to be reasonable therapeutic options, according to our observations.
Intracerebral hematoma (ICH) was the main clinical manifestation. In the case of negative initial angiographic assessment, patients must have supraselective angiographic exploration. In the case of conservative treatment of hematoma, endovascular obliteration and microsurgical exclusion seems to be reasonable therapeutic options, according to our observations.
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