Notes

[Effect involving tooth paste containing emulsifier 30 as well as sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant about the integrity of oral epithelium].
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are identified as one of the key components of innate immune system due to their ability to sense conserved molecular motifs associated with several pathogens. It has been implicated from several evidence that mutations in genes encoding TLRs are associated with increased or decreased susceptibility to various infectious diseases.

The study was prospective, cross-sectional, as well as longitudinal in nature, which includes 223 HIV-positive patients, 150 HIV-positive patients with latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, 150 HIV-positive patients with active TB, 200 HIV-negative newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients, and 205 healthy subjects.

A statistically significant difference was observed in allelic frequencies of TLR4 between healthy subjects and HIV + TB patients (P < 0.001), healthy subjects, and pulmonary TB (PTB) Category-I patients (P < 0.01) and between healthy subjects and HIV + TB patients (P < 0.001). TLR4 genotype frequencies were also significantly different between healthy subjects and PTB Cat I patients (P < 0.001) and HIV + and HIV + TB patients (P < 0.01). A statistically significant difference was also observed between HIV + and PTB Cat I patients (P = 0.04), HIV + LTBI and HIV + TB patients (P = 0.01), and between HIV + TB and PTB Cat I patients (P < 0.01).

This study implicates that Asp299Gly polymorphism in TLR4 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to active TB in HIV-seropositive patients. Increased frequency of 'A' allele in TLR9 gene was also discovered at the time of active TB development in ART naïve HIV + patients, who developed active TB on follow-up.
This study implicates that Asp299Gly polymorphism in TLR4 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to active TB in HIV-seropositive patients. Increased frequency of 'A' allele in TLR9 gene was also discovered at the time of active TB development in ART naïve HIV + patients, who developed active TB on follow-up.
In this study, it was aimed to investigate Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from lungs and lymph nodes of slaughtered animals on clonal level by using different methods such as spoligotyping, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD-PCR) and OUT-PCR. Comparative evaluation of these methods was further conducted.

A total of 38 M. bovis isolates were evaluated in the study. DNA isolation of all M. bovis strains isolated from pruvat free Löwenstein Jensen medium was done by boiling method for ERIC-PCR, RAPD-PCR, and OUT PCR. Mickle device was used for DNA isolation for spoligotyping method.

In 38 M. bovis isolates examined in our study, 4 different groups were determined by spoligotyping and RAPD-PCR test methods, and 5 different groups were detected in ERIC-PCR tests. In the OUT-PCR tests, the band which provides sufficient type separation was not observed.

ERIC-PCR, RAPD-PCR, and OUT-PCR methods are easily applicable, simple, and relatively inexpensive methods for evaluating the differences between origins in the typing of M. bovis. The tests need to be evaluated in more detail with extensive studies.
ERIC-PCR, RAPD-PCR, and OUT-PCR methods are easily applicable, simple, and relatively inexpensive methods for evaluating the differences between origins in the typing of M. bovis. The tests need to be evaluated in more detail with extensive studies.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an infectious disease with a high prevalence worldwide and represents a major public health concern. It is known that TB causes a hyper-coagulable state due to its infective nature. Thus, patients are prone to higher incidence rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in comparison with the general population. Although there are many risk assessment models (RAMs) that estimate the risk of VTE incidence in the general population, none have been proven to show significant prognostic value in early and accurate VTE prediction among TB patients. This study aims to investigate the accuracy of general RAMs in prediction of VTE incidence in the population of TB-positive patients.

The following survey is a retrospective study among patients afflicted with TB, in whom VTE had occurred either during or at the onset of admission. A total number of 865 smear-positive TB cases were recorded in hospital in a 7-year timespan, among which a total sum of 37 patients (67.6% males, age 56.19 ± 20 years the VTE risk assessment model for cancer patients.
In tuberculosis (TB) endemic areas, other pyogenic causes of spine involvement may be missed. The study aimed to describe TB and non-TB causes of spine involvement and identify features that can help in differentiating them.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to screen the clinical records of all admitted patients (Kasturba Hospital, Manipal) in 2018-20 for a diagnosis of spondylitis and/or sacroiliitis. The clinical features, radiological findings, laboratory parameters, treatment details, and outcomes were compared among those diagnosed with confirmed TB, confirmed brucellosis, or confirmed pyogenic infection. A scoring system was also developed to differentiate spondylodiscitis due to tuberculous and pyogenic causes. The qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square test, while quantitative variables were compared using the one-way analysis of variance test.

Of 120 patients with spine infections, a total of 85 patients were confirmed with the microbiological diagnosis of interest. Involvement of the thoracic spine, longer duration of illness, and caseous granulomatous reaction on histopathology was more common in TB patients. Male gender, involvement of lumbar vertebra, and neutrophilic infiltrate on histopathology were more common in brucellosis patients. Male gender, diabetes mellitus, involvement of lumbar vertebra, neutrophilic infiltrate on histopathology, leukocytosis, and increased C-reactive protein were more commonly seen in patients with pyogenic infection. The scoring system had a sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 91%, respectively, when used to differentiate TB from pyogenic infection.

In resource-limited settings, suggestive findings can be used to decide empiric therapy.
In resource-limited settings, suggestive findings can be used to decide empiric therapy.
The interaction of T cells with infected macrophages depends on the interplay of cytokines produced in each cell, and this mechanism is a key to protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Extensive research has been devoted to studying the changes in systemic cytokine levels in patients with tuberculosis (TB), but the results are inconclusive. Determine Th1 and Th2 cytokine immune response levels among new TB patients compared to follow-up and healthy control.

Cross-sectional laboratory-based study.

Immunology Laboratory, National Center for Research.

Blood samples (n = 145) were collected from confirmed new TB cases, follow-up TB cases, and from healthy controls. Participants were initially diagnosed by microcopy using Ziehl-Neelsen smear method and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using IS6110. Cytokine levels (interleukin-10 [IL-10], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and Interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]) were measured directly from plasma using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Measuring Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Th2 cytokine (IL-10). One hundred and forty-five cases (new TB cases, 85; follow-up, 25; and healthy control, 35) were included in this study.

The study population were mainly males (70.3%) compared to females (29.7%) and 87.5% aged between 21 to 60 year. The plasma IFN-γ levels were found significantly higher in new TB cases (mean 35.38 pg/m; confidence interval 29.32-41.43) than in the follow-up patients and the healthy control (P = 0.000). There were no significant differences in TNF-α and IL-10 levels among the new TB cases and the follow-up and healthy control (P = 0.852 and P = 0.340, respectively).

Direct plasma IFN-γ level can be used in TB patient follow-up as a recovery marker as it correlated well with the appearance of the disease and treatment response.
Direct plasma IFN-γ level can be used in TB patient follow-up as a recovery marker as it correlated well with the appearance of the disease and treatment response.
Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) transmission to humans occurs through inhalation of dust particles or vaporized water containing NTM leading to pulmonary manifestations. NTM infections are often misdiagnosed for tuberculosis (TB) due to their similar clinical and radiological manifestations.

We, therefore, performed a species-level identification of NTM in symptomatic TB negative patients through sequencing of the hsp65 gene.

We conducted a cross-sectional study at the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in the period between January to November 2020. One hundred and sixty-six mycobacterial culture-positive samples that tested negative for TB using capilia underwent Polymerase Chain Reaction targeting the hsp65 gene. Isolates showing a band with gel electrophoresis at 441 bp position were sequenced using Sanger technology. Geneious software was used to analyze the obtained sequences, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information gene database identified NTM species for each isolate. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the DNA sequences and evolutionary distances computed using the general time-reversible method. Pearson chi-square was used to determine the association between NTM infection and participants' characteristics.

Our study identified 43 different NTM species. The dominant NTM belonged to Mycobacterium avium complex 37 (31%). Slow-growing NTM were the majority at 86 (71%) while rapid-growing NTM were 36 (29%). A significant association (P<0.05) was observed for regions and age, while patient type had a weak likelihood of NTM infection.

Our study characterized the diversity of NTM in Kenya for the first time and showed that species belonging to M. Avium Complex are the most prevalent in the country.
Our study characterized the diversity of NTM in Kenya for the first time and showed that species belonging to M. Avium Complex are the most prevalent in the country.
Triatomine insects, native to northeastern Brazil, have been found in the urban peridomicile. The city of Sobral has a high number of tuberculosis cases and several triatomine species. This study investigates the presence of mycobacteria, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species, in triatomines captured in the urban perimeter of Sobral.

We analyzed 167 triatomines captured in urban households and peridomiciles of Sobral. Mycobacteria were identified by the PRA-hsp65 method followed by partial sequencing of the hsp65 and rpoB genes. The sequences confirmed as MTBC were also typed by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and spoligotyping.

Triatoma brasiliensis (38.6%), Triatoma pseudomaculata (32.9%), Panstrongylus lutzi (24.3%) were the most frequently identified. In 51.1% (70/167) of them, species of the Mycobacteriaceae family were detected by PRA-hsp65; of these, 31.4% (22/70) were identified as belonging to MTBC species. Nine (12.
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