Notes

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Furthermore, net reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean length of a generation were also lower in the R strain.

Although variations in resistance to spirodiclofen were observed between populations, the resistance ratio was low to moderate. Such data can be useful in the development of resistance management strategies for B. yothersi in Brazilian citrus groves. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Although variations in resistance to spirodiclofen were observed between populations, the resistance ratio was low to moderate. Such data can be useful in the development of resistance management strategies for B. yothersi in Brazilian citrus groves. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding Bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, nutrient digestibility, and energy and nitrogen balances in non-lactating crossbred (Holstein-Friesian × Bos indicus) cows. Four cows were assigned to the control and B. subtilis diets in a crossover design, and respiratory and metabolic experiments were conducted. For the B. subtilis diet, B. subtilis DSM15544 spores were added at the rate of 1.0 × 1010 CFU/head/day to the control diet. At 4 hr after feeding, cows fed the B. subtilis diet had increased levels of i-butyric acid in the rumen fluid and tended to have lower concentrations of plasma non-esterified fatty acids when compared with cows fed the control diet. This suggests that feeding B. subtilis could improve energy efficiency. However, there was no effect on energy retention in this study. Although there were no effects on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, or methane production, heat production was significantly higher in cows fed the B. subtilis diet than in those fed the control diet.
Tocilizumab is an IL-6 receptor inhibitor agent which has been proposed as a candidate to stop the inflammatory phase of infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, safety data of tocilizumab in pregnant women and their newborn are scarce. We aimed to describe maternal and neonatal safety outcomes associated with tocilizumab treatment in pregnant women with severe COVID-19.

This is a retrospective study of severe COVID-19 pregnant women, treated with tocilizumab in two Spanish hospitals between 1 March and 31 April 2020. Demographics, medical history, clinical and radiologic findings, treatment information and laboratory data of mothers and their newborns were collected from electronic medical records.

A total of 12 pregnant women were identified to have received tocilizumab during pregnancy in the two hospitals. Median gestational age at admission was 27.7weeks (interquartile range, 18.0-36.4). Most of them received lopinavir/ritonavir, azithromycin and hydroppressive agents are used.This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of KRAS gene editing via CRISPR/Cas9 delivery by electroporation and analyzed the effects of the non-homologous end-joining pathway inhibitor Scr7 and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) homology arm length on introducing a point mutation in KRAS. Various concentrations (0-2 µM) of Scr7 were evaluated; all concentrations of Scr7 including 0 µM resulted in the generation of blastocysts with a point mutation and the wild-type sequence or indels. No significant differences in the blastocyst formation rates of electroporated zygotes were observed among ssODN homology arm lengths, irrespective of the gRNA (gRNA1 and gRNA2). The proportion of blastocysts carrying a point mutation with or without the wild-type sequence and indels was significantly higher in the ssODN20 group (i.e., the group with a ssODN homology arm of 20 bp) than in the ssODN60 group (gRNA1 25.7% vs. 5.4% and gRNA2 45.5% vs. 5.9%, p less then .05). In conclusion, the CRISPR/Cas9 delivery with ssODN via electroporation is feasible for the generation of point mutations in porcine embryos. Further studies are required to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the homology-directed repair.
To test the hypothesis that total tau (tTau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (pTau) and pTau/tTau ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we performed a retrospective observational study in a large cohort of ALS patients and controls.

We enrolled 196 ALS patients and 91 controls, who included patients with ALS-mimicking diseases and those with non-neurodegenerative diseases. All patients underwent lumbar puncture for CSF analysis at the time of the diagnostic evaluation or to first referral. We measured tTau and pTau levels in the CSF by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay.

Patients with ALS showed significantly higher levels of CSF tTau and a lower pTau/tTau ratio than controls (tTau 245 vs. 146pg/ml; p<0.001; pTau/tTau ratio 0.12 vs. 0.18; p<0.001, respectively). No differences in pTau levels were detected. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed a good diagnostic accuracy of tTau and pTau/tTau ratio (tTau area under the curve [AUC] 0.685, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.616-0.754, p=0.039; pTau/tTau ratio AUC 0.777, 95% CI 0.707-0.848, p<0.001). Among ALS patients, increased tTau levels were associated with advanced age of onset, increased revised amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) score (ΔFS) rate of progression, and spinal onset. Multivariate analysis showed that in ALS patients, this biomarker was an independent negative predictor of overall survival.

Our findings suggest that tTau and pTau/tTau ratio can be diagnostic biomarkers of ALS. In addition, CSF tTau level at diagnosis might play a relevant prognostic role in the disease.
Our findings suggest that tTau and pTau/tTau ratio can be diagnostic biomarkers of ALS. In addition, CSF tTau level at diagnosis might play a relevant prognostic role in the disease.Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) plays an extremely important physiological role in cancer, and the BRD4 inhibitors can effectively inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. By taking BI-2536 (PLK1 and BRD4 inhibitor) as the lead compound, sixteen novel BRD4 inhibitors with the 4,4-difluoro-1-methyl-N,6-diphenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrimido[4,5-b] [1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-d] [1,4] diazepine-8-amine structure were designed and synthetized. Among the target compounds, compound 15h exhibited outstanding inhibition for BRD4-BD1 (IC50 value of 0.42 μM) in the BRD4-BD1 inhibitory activity assay. Additionally, cell growth inhibition assay demonstrated that compound 15h potently suppressed the proliferation of MV4-11 cells (IC50 value of 0.51 μM). Besides, compound 15h induced apoptosis and G0/G1 cycle arrest in MV4-11 leukemia cells effectively, and downregulated the expression of c-Myc in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, the optimal compound 15h is expected to become the clinical therapeutic drug for further research.
Network analysis is increasingly applied to psychopathology research. We used it to examine the core phenomenology of emerging bipolar disorder (BD I and II) and 'at risk' presentations (major depression with a family history of BD).

The study sample comprised a community cohort of 1867 twin and nontwin siblings (57% female; mean age ~26) who had completed self-report ratings of (i) depression-like, hypomanic-like and psychotic-like experiences; (ii) family history of BD; and (iii) were assessed for mood and psychotic syndromes using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Symptom networks were compared for recent onset BD versus other cohort members and then for individuals at risk of BD (depression with/without a family history of BD).

The four key symptoms that differentiated recent onset BD from other cohort members were anergia, psychomotor speed, hypersomnia and (less) loss of confidence. The four key symptoms that differentiated individuals at high risk of BD from unipolar depres many individuals with multimorbidity) must be weighed against the disadvantages including basic issues such as judgements regarding the selection of items for inclusion in network models.
Liver cirrhosis is the primary risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Most conditions that lead to cirrhosis are treatable, or modifiable. Therefore, a community-based screening program targeting high-risk groups was designed for early diagnosis and intervention of liver disease, to offset the rising burden of hepatocellular carcinoma in Australia.

Two nurse consultants from a tertiary liver center performed community screening of pre-identified cohorts at risk of viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease, with transient elastography and/or serology testing for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), in addition to standard blood tests. A positive screening result was defined as any of the following liver stiffness measurement (LSM)≥9.5kPa, positive HCV RNA, or positive HBV surface antigen. Individuals who screened positive were linked to the liver center for management.

Nine hundred and twenty-six subjects were screened over a 6-year period, of which 122/926 (13.2%) had evidence of chronic liver disease. Chronic viral hepatitis was diagnosed in 91 participants (HBV=23, HCV=67, and co-infection=1), while non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed in 14 participants. Advanced fibrosis (LSM≥9.5kPa) was detected in 42/866 (4.9%) subjects with available LSM. Loss to follow-up occurred in 36/91 (39.6%) participants with chronic viral hepatitis.

Targeting high-risk populations for community screening and intervention increases early identification of chronic liver disease. This may reduce the incidence of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Loss to follow-up remains an ongoing challenge, requiring better strategies.
Targeting high-risk populations for community screening and intervention increases early identification of chronic liver disease. This may reduce the incidence of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Loss to follow-up remains an ongoing challenge, requiring better strategies.Asperelines are short-sequence peptaibol molecules, and these peptides composed of 10 residues were isolated from the Trichoderma asperellum. In our study, a detailed structural characterization was performed on the asperelines by means of molecular dynamics methods. For the aspereline peptides, the occurrence of various secondary structural elements (i.e. β-turns and helical structures) was investigated along their entire sequences. The results derived from the simulated annealing calculations led to the observations that in the case of asperelines, the types I, III and III' β-turn structures, as well as their stabilizing i ← i+3 H-bonds appeared. However, beside the different β-turns, shorter or longer helical structures were also detected. Based on the results obtained by the molecular dynamics simulations, it was concluded that the three-dimensional structure of aspereline peptides could be characterized by helical conformations (i.e. 310 - and α-helix). Nevertheless, on the basis of individual molecular dynamics trajectories, it was observed that the asperelines could adopt not only the right-handed, but also the left-handed helical structures.
National datasets report large variations in outcomes from older people (≥65years) between different UK surgical units. This implies that not all patients receive the same level of care or access to resources, such as rehabilitation or allied health professional input. This might impact functional decline.

Our aim is to evaluate the baseline status of older patients facing major gastrointestinal surgery and the impact of variation in perioperative assessment and provision of perioperative support on functional outcomes. Patients' experiences and views of assessment and optimization will be explored via integrated qualitative semi-structured interviews.

This multi-centre, pilot cohort study will include patients ≥65years presenting via both elective and emergency pathways at three to five South Yorkshire NHS hospitals (Clinical Trials registration NCT04545125). The primary outcome is functional recovery measured using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 at 6weeks post-operatiHealth Research Portfolio scheme. Dissemination will be via international and national surgical and geriatric conferences.
This 6-month interventional study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different educational programs among Saudi women with prediabetes referred by primary care.

A total of 253 (100 group education program [GEP], 84 WhatsApp education program [WEP] and 69 control group [CG]) eligible participants were invited to take part in the study, out of whom 120 received intervention (40 GEP, 43 WEP and 37 CG). GEP participants received focused, individualized lifestyle modification advice with bimonthly support sessions, WEP participants received the same intervention, but delivered through social media (WhatsApp). The CG received standard care. Anthropometrics, biochemical profiles and macronutrient intake were measured at baseline, and 3 and 6months. The primary end-points were glycated hemoglobin and weight, with lipids and dietary changes as secondary outcomes.

Glycated hemoglobin significantly improved in all groups post-intervention (GEP baseline 6.0±0.2 vs 6months 5.5±0.54; P<0.001, WEP 6.0±0.26 vaudi women with prediabetes, but a focused educational group was more effective in terms of successful weight loss.
The aim of this study was to assess the treatment response to conventional antiepileptic drugs and low-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy for infantile spasms in children with Down syndrome.

We retrospectively investigated the response and relapse rates, electroencephalography findings, patient characteristics during drug withdrawal, and developmental outcome in 10 children with Down syndrome treated for infantile spasms in our hospital.

All patients showed cessation of infantile spasms and achieved electroencephalographic normalization. Spasm relapse occurred in one of 10 patients (10%). Antiepileptic drugs have been withdrawn for seven of 10 patients (70%), none of whom have experienced seizure relapse since drug withdrawal. The median developmental quotient (n = 8) was 20.5, which shows that the developmental outcome was unfavorable. Low-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy achieved a low seizure remission rate of 28.6%.

Elucidation of the optimal treatment for infantile spasms in children with Down syndrome is needed to reduce the duration of infantile spasms and improve the developmental outcome.
Elucidation of the optimal treatment for infantile spasms in children with Down syndrome is needed to reduce the duration of infantile spasms and improve the developmental outcome.
What is the central question of this study? How does peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) compare with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) used clinically to reduce muscle atrophy? What is the main finding and its importance? NMES resulted in progressive increases in M-wave duration and delay of muscle relaxation throughout a single stimulation protocol, findings not observed with PNS. This suggests PNS recruits from a wider pool of muscle fibres/motor units, providing a more favourable alternative to NMES for rehabilitation intervention.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is increasingly viewed as a central tenet to minimise muscle loss during periods of disuse/illness - typically applied directly over a muscle belly. Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is afforded less attention, despite providing a more global contractile stimulus to muscles. We investigated NMES versus PNS in relation to performance fatigability and peripheral contributions to voluntary force capacity. Two fatigue protoction. Future work should focus on implementing PNS interventions in clinically relevant scenarios such as immobilisation, care homes and critical illness.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that has a huge impact on the human infertility. Increased levels of various circulating inflammatory cytokines have been observed in PCOS patients, which can contribute to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a secretory chemokine, is a potent chemotactic factor that recruits monocytes/macrophages to inflammatory foci. Several previous studies comparing the circulating MCP-1 levels between non-PCOS and PCOS patients have yielded contradictory results. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate whether circulating MCP-1 levels vary between non-PCOS and PCOS patients.

Research articles published before November 11, 2020, were screened to identify eligible studies. Heterogeneity, sensitivity, and publication bias were analyzed using STATA software. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by the STATA software using a random-effects model.

11 studieslevels are upregulated in women with PCOS and are associated with an increased risk of PCOS.Automated classification of significant prostate cancer (PCa) using MRI plays a potential role in assisting in clinical decision-making. Multiparametric MRI using a machine-aided approach is a better step to improve the overall accuracy of diagnosis of PCa. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a framework for differentiating Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2) grades (grade 2 to grade 5) of PCa using texture features and machine learning (ML) methods with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). The study cohort included an MRI dataset of 59 patients with clinically proven PCa. Regions of interest (ROIs) for a total of 435 lesions were delineated from the segmented peripheral zones of DWI and ADC. Six texture methods comprising 98 texture features in total (49 each of DWI and ADC) were extracted from lesion ROIs. Random forest (RF) and correlation-based feature selection methods were applied on feature vectors to select the best features for classification. Two ML classifiers, support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbour, were used and validated by 10-fold cross-validation. The proposed framework achieved high diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 85.25% ± 3.84%, specificity of 95.71% ± 1.96%, accuracy of 84.90% ± 3.37% and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.98 for PI-RADS v2 grades (2 to 5) classification using the RF feature selection method and Gaussian SVM classifier with combined features of DWI + ADC. The proposed computer-assisted framework can distinguish between PCa lesions with different aggressiveness based on PI-RADS v2 standards using texture analysis to improve the efficiency of PCa diagnostic performance.
The transition from International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification (ICD-9-CM) to ICD-10-CM poses a challenge to epidemiologic studies that use diagnostic codes to identify health outcomes and covariates. We evaluated coding trends in health outcomes in the US Food and Drug Administration's Sentinel System during the transition.

We reviewed all health outcomes coding trends reports on the Sentinel website through November 30, 2019 and analyzed trends in incidence and prevalence across the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM eras by visual inspection.

We identified 78 unique health outcomes (22 acute, 32 chronic, and 24 acute or chronic) and 140 time-series graphs of incidence and prevalence. The reports also included code lists and code mapping methods used. Of the 140 graphs reviewed, 81 (57.9%) showed consistent trends across the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM eras, while 51 (36.4%) and 8 (5.7%) graphs showed inconsistent and uncertain trends, respectively. Chronic HOIs and acute/chronic HOIsn trends. Consistency in trends varied by code mapping method, type of health outcomes of interest, and whether the measurement was incidence or prevalence. Studies using ICD-9-CM-based algorithms mapped to ICD-10-CM codes need to assess the performance of the mappings and conduct manual refinement of the algorithms as needed before using them.
The aim of this study was to investigate relapse rates in azathioprine (AZA) maintenance therapy at different doses in Behçet's disease (BD) with venous involvement.

Clinical records of patients who met the diagnostic criteria of International Study Group (ISG) for BD, were diagnosed with venous involvement of BD for at least 6months and sustained clinical remission with AZA for at least 3months were analyzed retrospectively. The analysis cohort was divided into 2 groups based on AZA dose (Group A ≥ 2mg/kg/d and Group B <2mg/kg/d). Relapse was defined as requiring another antirheumatic/immunosuppressive drug or more than dose of 10mg/d of prednisolone.

Of 78 patients who were included into the study, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of age, gender and clinical characteristics. Mean relapse-free survival time was found to be higher in group A compared to group B (111.6±11.2, 95% CI 89.5±133.8 versus 51.5±6.1, 95% CI 39.5±63.4 months).

Relapse-free survival rate was less in the group receiving low-dose AZA and shows the importance of effective dose of AZA in maintenance therapy.
Relapse-free survival rate was less in the group receiving low-dose AZA and shows the importance of effective dose of AZA in maintenance therapy.
To create a realistic in silico head phantom for the second QSM reconstruction challenge and for future evaluations of processing algorithms for QSM.

We created a digital whole-head tissue property phantom by segmenting and postprocessing high-resolution (0.64 mm isotropic), multiparametric MRI data acquired at 7 T from a healthy volunteer. We simulated the steady-state magnetization at 7 T using a Bloch simulator and mimicked a Cartesian sampling scheme through Fourier-based processing. Computer code for generating the phantom and performing the MR simulation was designed to facilitate flexible modifications of the phantom in the future, such as the inclusion of pathologies as well as the simulation of a wide range of acquisition protocols. Specifically, the following parameters and effects were implemented TR and TE, voxel size, background fields, and RF phase biases. Diffusion-weighted imaging phantom data are provided, allowing future investigations of tissue-microstructure effects in phase and QSM algorithms.

The brain part of the phantom featured realistic morphology with spatial variations in relaxation and susceptibility values similar to the in vivo setting. We demonstrated some of the phantom's properties, including the possibility of generating phase data with nonlinear evolution over TE due to partial-volume effects or complex distributions of frequency shifts within the voxel.

The presented phantom and computer programs are publicly available and may serve as a ground truth in future assessments of the faithfulness of quantitative susceptibility reconstruction algorithms.
The presented phantom and computer programs are publicly available and may serve as a ground truth in future assessments of the faithfulness of quantitative susceptibility reconstruction algorithms.The total synthesis of panaginsene has been accomplished in 11 linear steps starting from methyl 3,3-dimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylate. The key steps are a Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and Ti(III)-mediated reductive epoxide opening-radical cyclization to construct the chiral quaternary carbon stereocenter followed by a very challenging HWE olefination reaction on an 1,3-keto aldehyde and a late stage McMurry olefination using low valent titanium to construct the highly constrained angular tetrasubstituted olefin in a five-membered ring.During the transition from sexual to asexual reproduction, a suite of reproduction-related sexual traits become superfluous, and may be selected against if costly. Female functional virginity refers to asexual females resisting to mate or not fertilizing eggs after mating. These traits appear to be among the first that evolve during transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction. The genetic basis of female functional virginity remains elusive. Previously, we reported that female functional virginity segregates as expected for a single recessive locus in the asexual parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of this trait by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analyses. Consistent with the segregation of phenotypes, we found a single QTL of large effect, spanning over 4.23 Mb and comprising at least 131 protein-coding genes, of which 15 featured sex-biased expression in the related sexual species Asobara tabida. Two of the 15 sex-biased genes were previously identified to differ between related sexual and asexual population/species CD151 antigen and nuclear pore complex protein Nup50. A third gene, hormone receptor 4, is involved in steroid hormone mediated mating behaviour. Overall, our results are consistent with a single locus, or a cluster of closely linked loci, underlying rapid evolution of female functional virginity in the transition to asexuality. Once this variant, causing rejection to mate, has swept through a population, the flanking region does not get smaller owing to lack of recombination in asexuals.
This study investigated the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from the perspectives of dental residents in Wuhan, the former COVID-19 epicenter of China.

A survey form was sent to 424 residents in the School of Stomatology, Wuhan University (WHUSS) in September 2020. The form included 23 questions on demographics, study situation of residents during the COVID-19 outbreak, effect of COVID-19 on graduates, and status of residents who returned to clinic training.

A total of 361 (85%) survey forms were collected. Over 70% of respondents felt anxious during Wuhan lockdown. Most respondents continued studying (94%) mainly through free online resources (79%). The majority reported improvement in didactic knowledge (80%), but the respondents' perceptions of their clinical skills, especially those in Wuhan, did not change (41%) or worsened (40%) (p<0.05). Most graduates (88%) reported having found jobs or continued study. Among the 209 responders who returned to clinical training, 52% felt no concls seemed effective to develop a positive attitude for residents after they returned to clinical training.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease featured with neuroinflammation, demyelination, and the loss of oligodendrocytes. Cognitive impairment and depression are common neuropsychiatric symptoms in MS that are poorly managed with the present interventions.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of low field magnetic stimulation (LFMS), a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technology, on cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms associated with MS using a mouse model of demyelination.

C57BL female mice were fed with a 0.2% cuprizone diet for 12weeks to induce a chronic demyelinating model followed by 4weeks of cuprizone withdrawal with either sham or LFMS treatment.

Improved cognition and depression-like behaviour and restored weight gain were observed in mice with LFMS treatment. Immunohistochemical and immunoblotting data showed enhanced myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein expressions (MOG) in the prefrontal cortex of mice with LFMS treatment, supporting that myelin repair was promoted. LFMS also increased the protein expression of mature oligodendrocyte biomarker glutathione-S-transferase (GST-π). In addition, expression of TGF-β and associated receptors were elevated with LFMS treatment, implicating this pathway in the response.

Results from the present study revealed LFMS to have neuroprotective effects, suggesting that LFMS has potential therapeutic value for treating cognitive impairment and depression related to demyelination disorders.
Results from the present study revealed LFMS to have neuroprotective effects, suggesting that LFMS has potential therapeutic value for treating cognitive impairment and depression related to demyelination disorders.
Matted nodes in human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPC) is an independent predictor of distant metastases and decreased overall survival. We aimed to classify imaging patterns of metastatic lymphadenopathy, analyze our classification system for reproducibility, and assess its prognostic value.

The metastatic lymphadenopathy was classified based on radiological characteristics for 216 patients with HPV-mediated OPC. Patient outcomes were compared and inter-rater reliability was calculated.

The presence of ≥3 abutting lymph nodes with imaging features of surrounding extranodal extension (ENE), one subtype of matted nodes, was associated with worse 5-year overall survival, overall recurrence-free survival, regional recurrence-free survival, and distant recurrence-free survival (p ≤ 0.03). Other patterns were not significantly associated with outcome measures. Overall inter-rater agreement was substantial (κ = 0.73).

One subtype of matted nodes defined by ≥3 abutting lymph nodes with imaging features of surrounding ENE is the radiological marker of worst prognosis.
One subtype of matted nodes defined by ≥3 abutting lymph nodes with imaging features of surrounding ENE is the radiological marker of worst prognosis.Combining hybrid zone analysis with genomic data is a promising approach to understanding the genomic basis of adaptive divergence. It allows for the identification of genomic regions underlying barriers to gene flow. It also provides insights into spatial patterns of allele frequency change, informing about the interplay between environmental factors, dispersal and selection. However, when only a single hybrid zone is analysed, it is difficult to separate patterns generated by selection from those resulting from chance. Therefore, it is beneficial to look for repeatable patterns across replicate hybrid zones in the same system. We applied this approach to the marine snail Littorina saxatilis, which contains two ecotypes, adapted to wave-exposed rocks vs. high-predation boulder fields. The existence of numerous hybrid zones between ecotypes offered the opportunity to test for the repeatability of genomic architectures and spatial patterns of divergence. We sampled and phenotyped snails from seven replicate hybrid zones on the Swedish west coast and genotyped them for thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Shell shape and size showed parallel clines across all zones. Many genomic regions showing steep clines and/or high differentiation were shared among hybrid zones, consistent with a common evolutionary history and extensive gene flow between zones, and supporting the importance of these regions for divergence. In particular, we found that several large putative inversions contribute to divergence in all locations. Additionally, we found evidence for consistent displacement of clines from the boulder-rock transition. Our results demonstrate patterns of spatial variation that would not be accessible without continuous spatial sampling, a large genomic data set and replicate hybrid zones.
To assess adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ghana.

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Nabdam district, Ghana. Data were collected from 527 pregnant women randomly selected from antenatal care clinics from 16 healthcare facilities. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the prevalence of adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the factors associated with COVID-19 preventive measures, whilst adjusting for potential confounders.

The prevalence of wearing a face mask 18.0% (95% CI 14.73%, 21.32%); of handwashing/hand sanitising 31.7% (95% CI 27.70%, 35.67%), and of social distancing, 22.0% (95% CI 18.46%, 25.56%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms [Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 2.86, 95% CI 1.03, 7.89] and knowledge of COVID-19 transmission via contaminated surfaces/objects (aOR 4.60, 95% CI 1.23, 17.18) were associated with wearing a face mask. Pregnant women who knew that avoiding the touching of eyes, nose and mouth can prevent COVID-19 (aOR 2.71, 95% CI 1.01, 7.28), and knowledge of the virus being transmitted via contaminated objects/surfaces (aOR 4.08, 95% CI 1.42, 11.76), were associated with handwashing/hand sanitising. Knowledge of COVID-19 transmission via contaminated surfaces/objects (aOR 15.27, 95% CI 1.87, 124.43) was also associated with social distancing.

The findings of our study suggest that knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms, transmission and preventive measures may play an important role in the practice of preventive measures against COVID-19 among pregnant women.
The findings of our study suggest that knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms, transmission and preventive measures may play an important role in the practice of preventive measures against COVID-19 among pregnant women.Traumatic dental injuries in elderly patients are a rising trend due to demographic and social changes of the population. Older dentulous patients in good health have become increasingly common. The development of a post-traumatic malocclusion is a common sequela resulting from mandibular condyle fracture, as in the case reported in this paper. The decision-making process led the authors to rule out conservative treatment options and to perform orthognathic surgery on an 81-year-old patient, an unprecedented report in the literature. At one-year follow-up, prophylactic therapy, a specific surgical technique, and osteotomy fixation have restored the occlusion to the pre-traumatic condition.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy. Occasionally, it may have an appearance similar to that of some benign pigmented skin lesions. Therefore, additional information is needed to differentiate these lesions.

A diagnostic accuracy study was performed from February 2018 to April 2019. All lesions underwent ultrasound examination with 50 and 20MHz probes. The high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) images were evaluated independently by 2 experienced doctors for the presence of predefined features, including the depth, shape, margin, anechoic area, hyperechoic spots, epidermal interrupted echo, mushroom sign, flat-bottom sign, and superficial hyperechoic focus (SHEF).

A total of 54 BCCs, 51 melanocytic nevi and 55 seborrheic keratoses (SK), were included. BCCs often involved the subcutaneous tissue (11/54, 20.4%; P<.001) and had an irregular shape (26/54, 48.1%; P<.001) and ill-defined borders (26/54, 48.1%; P<.001), while most benign pigmented lesions had a regular shape (101/106, 95.3%; P<.001) and well-defined borders (95/106, 89.6%; P<.001). BCCs occasionally showed anechoic areas (10/54, 18.5%; P<.001) and epidermal interrupted echo (18/54, 33.3%; P<.001). Moreover, hyperechoic spots could be found in BCCs (43/54, 79.6%), nevi (27/51, 52.9%), and SK (30, 54.5%) (P=.001), with mean number of 7.3, 5.5, and 8.0, respectively. The mushroom signs were all present in melanocytic nevi (18/51, 35.3%), while the flat-bottom sign (43/55, 78.2%; P<.001) and SHEF (40/55, 72.7%; P<.001) presented mainly in SKs.

Based on the typical features, HFUS could improve the accuracy of BCC identification and should be considered when dermatologists are unsure about the lesion type.
Based on the typical features, HFUS could improve the accuracy of BCC identification and should be considered when dermatologists are unsure about the lesion type.
Larvae of many hoverfly species prey upon aphids, whereas the adults, by relying on nectar and pollen, contribute to the pollination of many plant species. Despite their great potential for pest control and pollination, important gaps still exist regarding the efficacy of hoverflies in regulating infestations of major aphid pests in augmentative biological control programs. Here, we tested the potential of the commercially available hoverflies Eupeodes corollae and Sphaerophoria rueppellii to regulate populations of the foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani in sweet pepper.

In a semi-field experiment, aphid numbers were 93.2% and 78.4% lower in the E. corollae and S. rueppellii treatments, respectively, compared to the control. Fruit yield was increased by 390% and 361% and seed set by 395% and 399% for E. corollae and S. rueppellii. In a separate laboratory trial, we found that under conditions of limited prey, hoverfly larvae did not complete development, but that larvae of S. rueppellii survived significantly longer than larvae of E. corollae.

We have shown for the first time that E. corollae and S. rueppellii can reduce infestations of foxglove aphid in sweet pepper. The limited amount of prey, related to the small size of the A. solani colonies, means that hoverfly larvae were often not able to complete development. In practice, repeated releases of hoverflies, possibly in combination with other natural enemies, might be used to achieve effective suppression of A. solani infestations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
We have shown for the first time that E. corollae and S. rueppellii can reduce infestations of foxglove aphid in sweet pepper. The limited amount of prey, related to the small size of the A. solani colonies, means that hoverfly larvae were often not able to complete development. In practice, repeated releases of hoverflies, possibly in combination with other natural enemies, might be used to achieve effective suppression of A. solani infestations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.In vivo mapping of cerebrovascular oscillations in the 0.05-0.15 Hz remains difficult. Oscillations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent a possible avenue for noninvasively tracking these oscillations using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), and have been used to correct for vascular oscillations in rs-fMRI functional connectivity. However, the relationship between low-frequency CSF and vascular oscillations remains unclear. In this study, we investigate this relationship using fast simultaneous rs-fMRI and photoplethysmogram (PPG), examining the 0.1 Hz PPG signal, heart-rate variability (HRV), pulse-intensity ratio (PIR), and the second derivative of the PPG (SDPPG). The main findings of this study are (a) signals in different CSF regions are not equivalent in their associations with vascular and tissue rs-fMRI signals; (b) the PPG signal is maximally coherent with the arterial and CSF signals at the cardiac frequency, but coherent with brain tissue at ~0.2 Hz; (c) PIR is maximally coherent with the CSF signal near 0.03 Hz; and (d) PPG-related vascular oscillations only contribute to ~15% of the CSF (and arterial) signal in rs-fMRI. These findings caution against averaging all CSF regions when extracting physiological nuisance regressors in rs-fMRI applications, and indicate the drivers of the CSF signal are more than simply cardiac. Our study is an initial attempt at the refinement and standardization of how the CSF signal in rs-fMRI can be used and interpreted. It also paves the way for using rs-fMRI in the CSF as a potential tool for tracking cerebrovascular health through, for instance, the potential relationship between PIR and the CSF signal.Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among type 2 diabetic patients. Preclinical and translational studies have identified critical pathophysiological mediators of stroke risk, recurrence, and poor outcome in diabetic patients, including endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Most clinical trials of diabetes and stroke have focused on treating hyperglycemia alone. Pioglitazone has shown promise in secondary stroke prevention for insulin-resistant patients; however, its use is not yet widespread. Additional research into clinical therapies directed at diabetic pathophysiological processes to prevent stroke and improve outcome for diabetic stroke survivors is necessary. Resilience is the process of active adaptation to a stressor. In patients with diabetes, stroke recovery is impaired by insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation, which impair key neuroresilience pathways maintaining cerebrovascular integrity, resolving poststroke inflammation, stimulating neural plasticity, and preventing neurodegeneration. Our review summarizes the underpinnings of stroke risk in diabetes, the clinical consequences of stroke in diabetic patients, and proposes hypotheses and new avenues of research for therapeutics to stimulate neuroresilience pathways and improve stroke outcome in diabetic patients.
We investigated how patients' psychological capacities to engage in psychotherapy predict changes in work ability in short- and long-term psychotherapy.

A cohort study of 326 patients, aged 20-46 years and suffering from mood and anxiety disorders, treated by short-term solution-focused, short-term psychodynamic, or long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, followed-up for 5 years. The Suitability for Psychotherapy Scale, assessed at baseline, was the predictor. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and at six follow-up occasions using the Work Ability Index as the primary indicator.

Patients with good pretreatment psychological suitability for psychotherapy, good reflective ability in particular, improved more than patients with poor suitability in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Comparisons between therapy groups showed poorer suitability to predict more improvement in solution-focused and in long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy than in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Patients' psychological suitability for psychotherapy has a different impact on work ability in different therapy modalities and durations.
Patients' psychological suitability for psychotherapy has a different impact on work ability in different therapy modalities and durations.A 5-and-a-half-year old, 9-kg, spayed, female Welsh Terrier presented with a 12 month history of paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED) characterized by recurrent episodes of involuntary hyperkinetic movements, abnormal muscle tone, and contractions triggered by exercise. A single episode occurred within 2 hours after exercise, lasted from 7 to 10 minutes, and resolved without treatment. The owner sought treatment for the dog when the episodes began to last longer (20-30 minutes), and occurred as long as 2.5 to 8 hours after exercise. Diazepam administered intranasally at the start of an episode promptly alleviated the symptoms. Maintenance therapy with levetiracetam proved effective, such that the dog was gradually returned to exercise. However, attempts to wean the dog off the drug resulted in reoccurrence. Although the pathophysiology of PED is not fully understood, the clinical presentation and the positive response to antiepileptic therapy highlight the overlap between disease pathways in epilepsy and PED in dogs.
Long-term follow-up (≥4years) demonstrated a low incidence of cardiac and vascular treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) with bosutinib treatment. We evaluated cardiac, vascular, hypertension, and effusion TEAEs after≥7years of follow-up in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemia.

This retrospective analysis of a phase I/II study and its ongoing extension study included data from patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treated with bosutinib after resistance/intolerance to imatinib (CP2L) or to imatinib plus dasatinib and/or nilotinib (CP3L), and those with accelerated/blast phase CML or acute lymphoblastic leukemia after treatment with, at a minimum, imatinib (ADV).

In all, 570 patients were treated with bosutinib; median treatment duration was 11.1months (range 0.03-133.1). The incidence of cardiac, vascular, hypertension, and effusion-related TEAEs was 10.9%, 8.8%, 9.1%, and 13.3%, respectively. Few patients had maximum grade 3-4 TEAEs (cardiac, 3.9%; vascular, 4.0%; hypertension, 3.0%; effusion, 4.6%). Grade 5 TEAEs occurred in the cardiac (0.7%) and vascular (1.8%) clusters only. In years 5-7, fewer than 5% of patients each year had newly occurring cardiac, vascular, hypertension, or effusion TEAEs. The exposure-adjusted TEAE rates (patients with TEAEs/total patient-year) pooled across CP2L, CP3L, and ADV cohorts were as follows cardiac, 0.044; vascular, 0.035; hypertension, 0.038; and effusion, 0.056, of which, correspondingly, 0.9%, 1.2%, 0%, and 2.1% required treatment discontinuation.

The incidence of cardiac, hypertension, vascular, and effusion events was low in patients with Ph+CML resistant or intolerant to prior therapy who were treated with bosutinib.
The incidence of cardiac, hypertension, vascular, and effusion events was low in patients with Ph+ CML resistant or intolerant to prior therapy who were treated with bosutinib.The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of dexamethasone (DEX) in 11 species were collected from the literature and clearances (CL) assessed by basic allometric methods, and concentration-time course profiles were fitted using two PK models incorporating physiological or allometric scaling. Plots of log CL vs. log body weights (BW) correlated reasonably with R2 = 0.91, with a maximum ratio of actual to fitted CL of 6 (for pig). A minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model containing blood and two lumped tissue compartments and integrated utilization of physiological parameters was compared to an allometric two-compartment model (a2CM). The plasma PK profiles of DEX from 11 species were analyzed jointly, with the mPBPK model having conserved partition coefficients (Kp ), physiologic blood and tissue volumes, and species-specific CL values. The DEX PK profiles were reasonably captured by the mPBPK model for 9 of 11 species in the joint analysis with three fitted parameters (besides CL) including an overall tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient of 1.07. The a2CM with distribution CL and central and peripheral volumes scaled allometrically fitted the plasma concentration profiles similarly but required a total of six parameters (besides CL). Overall, the literature reported that DEX CL values exhibit moderate variability (mean = 0.64 L/h/kg; coefficient of variation = 105%), but distribution parameters were largely conserved across most species.
To compare the 1-year aesthetic results of flapless single implants, placed in fresh extraction sockets with bone replacement and immediate provisional restoration with or without a connective tissue graft (CTG).

The present study proposes a partially blinded multicentre parallel randomized controlled trial, where computer-generated tables were used for central randomization to allocate treatments. A total of 59 of the 60 patients screened by eight private practices in Northern Italy fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Immediate implants were placed in a fresh extraction socket with a non-functional immediate provisional restoration with (Test group) or without (Control group) a CTG. The primary outcome variable was the implant Crown Aesthetic Index (ICAI) at the 1-year follow-up.

ICAI for the 59 randomized patients (Test group=31, Control group=28) at the 1-year follow-up was 4.69 (95% CI=3.16-6.22) for the Test group and 3.45 (95% CI=1.83-5.08) for the Control group, without statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=.086). One implant failure was recorded in each group, resulting in an implant survival rate of 96.8% [95% CI=83.3-99.9] for the Test group and 96.4% [95% CI=81.7-99.9] for the Control group. Other secondary outcome variables and complication rates were comparable across the two groups.

Within the limitations of the present clinical trial, the results suggested that the adjunct use of CTG is not mandatory to achieve successful aesthetic outcomes for a well-planned immediate implant placement with immediate non-functional provisional restoration in a fresh extraction socket.
Within the limitations of the present clinical trial, the results suggested that the adjunct use of CTG is not mandatory to achieve successful aesthetic outcomes for a well-planned immediate implant placement with immediate non-functional provisional restoration in a fresh extraction socket.Carboxysomes are protein-based organelles essential for carbon fixation in cyanobacteria and proteobacteria. Previously, we showed that the cyanobacterial nucleoid is used to equally space out β-carboxysomes across cell lengths by a two-component system (McdAB) in the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. More recently, we found that McdAB systems are widespread among β-cyanobacteria, which possess β-carboxysomes, but are absent in α-cyanobacteria, which possess structurally and phyletically distinct α-carboxysomes. Cyanobacterial α-carboxysomes are thought to have arisen in proteobacteria and then horizontally transferred into cyanobacteria, which suggests that α-carboxysomes in proteobacteria may also lack the McdAB system. Here, using the model chemoautotrophic proteobacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus, we show that a McdAB system distinct from that of β-cyanobacteria operates to position α-carboxysomes across cell lengths. We further show that this system is widespread among α-carboxyomes following cell division. This study illuminates how widespread carboxysome positioning systems are among diverse bacteria. Carboxysomes significantly contribute to global carbon fixation; therefore, understanding the spatial organization mechanism shared across the bacterial world is of great interest.Leaf angle is an important agronomic trait in cereals that helps determine plant yield by affecting planting density. However, the regulation mechanism of leaf angle remained elusive. Here, we show that OsbHLH98, a rice bHLH transcription factor, negatively regulates leaf angle. osbhlh98 mutant leaves formed a larger leaf angle, whereas transgenic plants overexpressing OsbHLH98 exhibited a slight reduction in leaf angle. We determined that the changes in leaf angle resulted from increased number and size of parenchyma cells on the adaxial side of the lamina joint in osbhlh98 mutants. Experiments using reporter constructs showed that OsbHLH98 is expressed on the adaxial side of lamina joints, consistent with its proposed function in regulating leaf angle. Furthermore, we established by chromatin immunoprecipitation and CUT&RUN that OsBUL1 is a direct downstream target of OsbHLH98. Transactivation assays and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated that OsbHLH98 represses OsBUL1 transcription.
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