Notes

Thorough analysis associated with growth mutation stress and resistant microenvironment within abdominal cancer.
Angioedema stems from increased vasodilation and vascular permeability, resulting in extravasation of fluid. Hereditary and acquired types of angioedema can be distinguished, with 3 and 4 subtypes, respectively. Groups of medicaments potentially inducing angioedema are, among others ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors and immunosuppressive agents. Urticaria is characterised by red, slightly raised swellings, usually associated with a strong itching sensation and can be subdivided in an acute and a chronic type. Mast cells in the uppermost layer of the skin or the mucous membranes release a lot of histamine, increasing the dilation and permeability of blood capillaries, resulting in extravasation of fluid. Medicaments potentially inducing urticaria are, among others, the following groups analgesics, anaesthetics, antibiotics, antidepressants, antihistamines, antihypertensives, antifungals, corticosteroids, H2 blockers, cancer medicaments, muscle relaxants, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors and vaccines. Medical history and being alert when administering and prescribing anaesthetics, analgesics and antibiotics are very important in the prevention or treatment of angioedema and/or urticaria.Peptic ulcer is a major health challenge with high morbidity and mortality all over the world. This study investigated the involvement of oxidative stress in the healing and protective potentials of aqueous leave extract of Telfairia occidentalis (TO) on indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in adult Sprague Dawley male rats. The rats were divided into 6 groups (A-F) of 5 rats each, with A as normal control, B received single oral administration of 40mg/kg indomethacin without treatment for 4 hours; C received 40mg/kg indomethacin without treatment for 4 hours and scarified after 72 hours; D received 100mg/kg aqueous leave extract of TO for 7 days without ulcer induction; E (pre-treated test group) received 40mg/kg indomethacin after being pre-treated with 100mg/kg aqueous leave extract of TO daily for 7 days. Group F (Posttreated test) received 40mg/kg of indomethacin and treated four hours later with 100mg/kg aqueous leave extract of TO daily for 7 days. The results revealed changes in gastric macroscopic architecture of the mucosa, and changes in ulcer indices and oxidative stress markers levels in group B-F. These changes comparatively suggested that the leave-extract of Telfairia occidentalis has gastro-protective with minimal healing potentials mediated through reduced oxidative stress.The straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) are the most widely distributed megachiropteran species in Africa. Studies have shown that they migrate, and are likely exposed to environmental pollutants across population. This study was designed to investigate genotoxicity via the bone marrow micronucleus assay and haematological alterations of Eidolon helvum in the tropics. Healthy straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum; n=20) were captured from two geographical regions, Ogun and Gombe States in Nigeria and were grouped based on sex and age. Blood samples were collected for haematology and osmotic fragility, and bone marrow samples for genotoxicity studies. Results showed no significant differences in erythrocytes and leucocytes values across age and sex. The erythrocytes osmotic fragility was higher in juvenile than in adults at 0 and 0.1%NaCl, while it was higher in adult males than in adult females at 0 and 0.3% NaCl. The erythrocytes and leucocytes parameters in straw colored fruit bats were within the reference values seen in literature except the higher monocyte counts suggesting chronic inflammation. There were increased levels of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and normochromatic erythrocytes in the straw-coloured fruit bats indicating genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. The present study provided baseline research data on the haematology and micronucleus profile of the straw-coloured fruit bats in Nigeria. This is perhaps the first study on haematology and micronucleus assay of in straw-colored fruit bats in the tropics.The interest in the role of vanadium compounds in living organisms has grown tremendously especially since the report of its glycemic normalization activity in the 1980s. There has been reports of both its toxic as well as positive effects, thus there is a paucity of information on the essentiality of this element in biological systems. In this study, the effect of different doses of sodium metavanadate on the haematological and biochemical variables of male Wistar rats was investigated. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five each and were given tap water containing various concentrations of sodium metavanadate (0ppm- group 1, 50ppm- group 2, 100ppm- group 3, or 200ppm- group 4) for 10weeks. Weekly body changes were noted and blood was collected at the end of 10 weeks by retro orbital puncture for haematological and serum biochemical variables. Histological sections were also performed on liver and kidney tissues. There was a significant increase in body weight in the 50ppm group compared with control. Sodium metavanadate at 200ppm caused a significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC) and Lymphocytes with significant increases in neutrophils and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio when compared with control values. There was also a significant decrease in ALP, ALT and a significant increase in urea concentration in the 200ppm group when compared with control values. All doses of sodium metavanadate significantly reduced blood glucose level. Sections of liver and kidney revealed severed damage at 200ppm compared with control. The results from this study showed that vanadium affects both haematological and biochemical parameters and could be toxic at higher concentrations, while at low concentration could be beneficial as seen with the enhanced body weight.Many physiological factors such as ethnicity, sex and blood group have been proven to have roles to play in determining the bleeding and clotting time of an individual. Earlier studies had conflicting results about the bleeding and clotting time in an individual concerning physiological factors. The objective of the study was to study the bleeding and clotting time of an individual with respect to their sex and blood group. This cross-sectional study involved 134 undergraduate students between the ages of 17-25years. Blood group was determined using a standard anti-sera, clotting time was determined using the capillary method while the bleeding time was determined using Duke's filter paper method. In this study, blood group B was predominate. The bleeding time and clotting time were significantly longer in females compared to that of males. The clotting time was longer in individuals with blood group O but the bleeding time among the blood groups was not significantly different. However, the subject size needs to be increased in further studies.Our previous ex-vivo and in vivo investigations have established immunopotentiating property of Khaya senegalensis and Cedrela odorata gums; however the safety of the use of this gum combination in chicken has not been described. Hence this study evaluates the haematological profile of chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine delivered through the oral and ocular routes using gums from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis as delivery agents. 252 one-day old chickens were grouped gum-vaccine oral (GVOR), vaccine oral (VOR), gum-vaccine ocular (GVOC), vaccine ocular (VOC), gum oral (GOR), gum ocular (GOC), no-gum-no-vaccine but challenged (NGNV/C), no-gum-no-vaccine unchallenged (NGNV/U). They were vaccinated on days 21 and 42 and challenged day 84. Blood samples were collected before first vaccination and at selected intervals afterwards. Analysis was done using one way ANOVA with P0.05) throughout the period of observation across groups with no observable derangements. Hence, the absence of derangement in haematological indices from this study suggests that the dilution rate recommended from the ex-vivo study is safe for administration of Newcastle disease vaccine in chickens irrespective of the routes of delivery.One of the substances used in force ripening fruits is commercial grade calcium carbide (CaC2) which contains impurities such as arsine and this has been associated with low birth weight and fetal loss. There is thus a need to further investigate additional risks on offspring. This study was thus designed to evaluate the possible effects of maternal consumption of banana pulp force ripened with CaC2 on the offspring. Sixteen pregnant rats were randomly divided into two test groups and controls of four rats each. Two test groups were fed with pelletized feed mixed with banana pulp ripened by commercial grade CaC2 at concentrations of 50g/5kg and 100g/5kg while the controls had a group fed with pelletized feed mixed with normal ripened banana and another had only pelletized feed. This feeding pattern was done morning and evening ad libitum throughout the gestation period of twenty-one days after which only pelletized feed and water was administered. At delivery, all male offspring were separated and each dam was allowed eight female pups to nurse. Upon weaning after twenty-one days, the mothers were removed leaving eight female offspring in each group. Development of their reproductive system was monitored and recorded using parameters such as vaginal opening day (VOD) and reproductive hormonal assay at the sixth week. A fertility test was also carried out by introducing viable male rats for mating at sixth week postpartum. Trace amount of arsenic was found in the banana pulp of 100g/5kg CaC2 group (0.35ppb). CaC2 exposure was related to delayed onset in puberty, decreased serum FSH and a decreased fertility rate in the 100g/5kg CaC2 group (p less then 0.05). Consumption of contaminated CaC2 ripened fruits exposes humans to arsenic acid which has harmful effects on reproductive development of offspring.
Hemiplegic Shoulder pain (HSP) is a common clinical consequence of focal cerebral insult. The study investigated the comparative efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Soft Tissue Massage (STM) in the management HSP.

A total of 50 consenting stroke patients with HSP completed the 8 weeks pretest posttest quasi-experimental study. They were assigned into either TENS or STM groups using simple random sampling. Both TENS and STM treatments were administered on subscapularis, supraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles for 16 sessions. HSP was evaluated pre and post intervention with visual analog scale. Within and between group differences in HSP were compared using paired and unpaired t-tests respectively with SPSS version 16.0 with probability level of 0.05 to indicate level of significance.

The age of patients in the TENS and STM groups was 56±9.26years and 57±7.51years respectively. Duration of stroke was 10±6 months and 9±4 months for TENS and STM groups respectively. There was no significant between group differences in HSP at baseline (TENS=4.76±2.17; STM=5.48±2.06; p>0.05). Within group comparison of HSP scores pre and post intervention in the TENS group indicated a significant reduction (P<0.05); also the same applies to STM group (P<0.05). When the post treatment HPS scores were compared across the groups, there was a significant difference in favor of TENS group (TENS=1.48±0.51; STM=2.12±1.17; p<0.05).

Both TENS and STM contribute to the modulation of HSP in stroke patients and both could become handy in augmenting other forms of management. However TENS is more effective.
Both TENS and STM contribute to the modulation of HSP in stroke patients and both could become handy in augmenting other forms of management. However TENS is more effective.
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