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These results also raise the possibility of the neural stem cell secretome as a potential candidate for neural stem cell transplantation therapies based on the bystander effect. A better understanding of the molecules and mechanisms of this effect is of critical importance for neural stem cell-based therapies. This review aims to discuss the function and application of neural stem cell secretome in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. © 2020 Zhang et al. Published by IMR press.Decerebration permits neurophysiological experimentation absent the confounding effects of anesthesia. Use of the unanesthetized decerebrate preparation in vivo offers several advantages compared with recordings performed in reduced slice preparations, providing the capacity to perform extracellular and intracellular neuronal recordings in the presence of an intact brainstem network. The decerebration procedure typically generates variable degrees of blood loss, which often compromises the hemodynamic stability of the preparation. We describe our microsurgical techniques and discuss microsurgical pearls utilized in order to consistently generate normotensive supracollicularly decerebrate preparations of the rat, exhibiting an augmenting pattern of phrenic nerve discharge. In brief, we perform bilateral ligation of the internal carotid arteries, biparietal craniectomies, securing of the superior sagittal sinus to the overlying strip of bone, removal of the median strip of bone overlying the superior sagittal s0 Ghali and Ghali Published by IMR press.Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with central nervous system involvement is caused by inflammatory factor storms. The inflammatory factors invade the blood-brain barrier and further infiltrate brain tissue resulting in associated neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with central nervous system involvement patients. This case report is based on a 14-year-old male patient who experienced intermittent dizziness and blurred vision about five years before admission as well as lower limb weakness and unstable walking approximately three years before admission. His brain MRI showed abnormal signals in the bilateral cerebellar hemisphere and vermis, right occipital lobe, and bilateral basal ganglia. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html The cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed an increase in nucleated cells, mainly monocytes, and elevated protein. He had no typical manifestation of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the early stage, such as fever, cytopenia, or hepatosplenomegaly. link2 He was misdiagnosed with meningoencephalitis or tuberculous meningitis. Perforin gene detection revealed a mutation in the PRF1 gene. The final diagnosis of type 2 familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was made based on the neurological symptoms and genetic test. The possibility of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis needs to be considered in patients with unexplained central nervous system symptoms, even if the patient does not have typical hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis symptoms, such as fever, cytopenia, or hepatosplenomegaly. We present the neurological symptoms of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2. © 2020 Wang et al. Published by IMR press.Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias comprise many types of diseases. The most frequent autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias are Friedreich ataxia, but other types are relatively rare. We encountered a consanguineous family with two cases of late-onset cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy. We performed whole-exome sequencing in one patient and confirmed by Sanger sequencing in other family members. Neurological examination revealed cerebellar ataxia, hand tremor, and neck dystonia, distal muscle wasting, and diminished tendon reflexes. The patients had no conjunctival telangiectasia or immunodeficiency. Blood examination revealed slightly elevated α-fetoprotein. Brain MRI demonstrated marked cerebellar atrophy and mild brainstem atrophy. The electrophysiologic study and nerve biopsy showed axonal neuropathy. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous missense variant (NM_000051.3 c.496G > C) in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene. This homozygous variant was found in another patient, co-segregated within the family members-this variant results in aberrant splicing (skipping exon 5) on RT-PCR analysis. We identified the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated variant in an adult, late-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias family. We should consider ataxia-telangiectasia even in late-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias without telangiectasia or immunodeficiency. © 2020 Shimazaki et al. Published by IMR press.The effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the post-stroke motor recovery is not apparent. To perform an accurate evaluation, we adjusted for critical factors that determine motor outcomes, including lesion location and the state of the corticospinal tract. We only included patients with cerebral infarct in the corona radiata and with corticospinal tract interruption, apparent on diffusion tensor tractography. We retrospectively enrolled 34 patients whose diffusion tensor tractography corticospinal tract was interrupted by a cerebral infarct. The corticospinal tract state of each patient was evaluated using diffusion tensor tractography. Of the 34 patients whose corticospinal tract was interrupted on diffusion tensor tractography, 12 patients underwent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment at the early stage after cerebral infarct (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation group). In comparison, 22 patients did not receive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment (non-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation group). High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (10 Hz) was performed on the primary motor cortex of the affected hemisphere. At the six month evaluation after the onset of the infarct, motor function was measured in each patient. In both groups, compared to their states during the initial evaluation, significant improvement was found in all measurements of motor function. However, six months after onset, no significant differences between the two groups were found in these measurement scores. When a patient's CST is interrupted, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment at the early stage after cerebral infarct might have no additional therapeutic effect on motor outcome. Qualified randomized controlled trials are needed to support our findings further. © 2020 Kim et al. Published by IMR press.An effective network perspective focused on measuring directional interactions of electroencephalographic in different cortical regions during a sustained attentive task requiring vigilance. A novel measure referred to as dynamic partial directed coherence was used to map the cognitive state of vigilance based on graph theory. In the right parieto-occipital area, the area is significantly higher than in other regions of interest (the areas are 0.601 and 0.632 for out-degree and in-degree, respectively). A similar analysis in the right fronto-central area revealed significant differences in the different cognitive states. Across the six regions of interest, significant differences of in-degree and out-degree based alpha band are observed in the right fronto-central and the right parieto-occipital (P less then 0.05). The performance was compared with those from a support vector machine using different network-based phase-locking values, partial directed coherence, and dynamic partial directed coherence. Results show that dynamic partial directed coherence can provide more information about direction (compared with phase-locking values) and accuracy (when compared with partial directed coherence). The graph theoretical analysis shows that the effective network based dynamic partial directed coherence has a small-world property for synchronizing neural activity between brain regions. Moreover, the alpha band is well correlated with the cognitive state compared to other frequency bands. © 2020 Xie and Li Published by IMR press.Medicinal plant breviscapine is shown to exhibit a protective role in tissue damage after cerebral hemorrhage. The effects of breviscapine on neurological deficit score, brain tissue water content, brain pathological tissue changes, blood-brain barrier bidirectional regulation, and inflammatory factors after cerebral hemorrhage in rats were observed. Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to explore how Periostin and nuclear factor kappa-B pathway-related factors protein expression contribute to the protective effects of breviscapine on brain injury. Breviscapine inhalation could reduce neurological deficit scores and brain tissue water content. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that breviscapine could improve the pathological changes of brain tissue and alleviate brain damage. Breviscapine reduced the abnormal increase of Evans blue content caused by a cerebral hemorrhage, and could significantly inhibit the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. link3 Also, breviscapine significantly inhibited the expressions of Periostin and nuclear factor kappa-B pathway-related factors after cerebral hemorrhage, and alleviate brain damage by down-regulating Periostin expression and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-β signaling pathway. © 2020 Chen et al. Published by IMR press.Denervated-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy is a disease induced by skeletal muscle associated peripheral neuro-disconnection. Its specific molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The treating for denervated-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy is applied with an herbal complex Buyang Huanwu Tang used in traditional Chinese medicine and subjected to the established denervated-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy in rat models, and the therapeutic effects and associated mechanisms were evaluated in the pathogenesis of denervated-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy. Denervated-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy in rats was established and randomly divided into eight groups, including Normal control, Model, Positive control, Model + Buyang Huanwu Tang, Model + astragalus extracts, Model + Buyang Huanwu Tang-astragalus, Buyang Huanwu Tang + LY294002, and astragalus extract + LY294002 group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay were used to examine the inflammatory response of muscle tissues. Qu (P less then 0.05). Buyang Huanwu Tang suppressed caspase 9 and caspase 3 activity and associated apoptosis. Moreover, PI3K specific blocker, LY294002, significantly inhibited the effects of Buyang Huanwu Tang on the above molecule expression (P less then 0.05). In conclusion, Buyang Huanwu Tang improved motor endplate functions of denervated-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy rat model through suppressing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and activating PI3K/PKB/FOXO1 signaling pathway. © 2020 Zhou et al. Published by IMR press.There is a need to investigate the role of nuclear factor kappa B in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the epileptic rat brain and cultured hippocampal neurons. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor kappa B and cyclooxygenase-2. In cultured hippocampal neurons and rat brain the control group compared with the normal group, nuclear factor kappa B expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, cerebral cortex, the piriform cortex brain regions were significantly increased (P less then 0.01). This is accompanied by a significant increase in cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expressions in the hippocampus (P less then 0.01). In the experimental group compared to the control group, the nuclear factor-kappa B expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, and other brain regions was significantly lower (P less then 0.01), with the accompanying decrease in cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression (P less then 0.
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