Notes

Analysis Breastfed Metagenome Data Trends B
breve were consistent with our in vitro data, suggesting that priority effects may have contributed to its dominance. Our study highlights the importance and history dependency of initial community assembly and its implications for the maturation trajectory of the infant gut microbiota.Conflict of interest statement Employment of MNO and MS at Kyoto University is supported by Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. KY, TO, and JzX are employees of Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.

ALO and DAR are co-founders of PhenoBiome Inc., a company pursuing the development of computational tools for predictive phenotype profiling of microbial communities. The authors declare no other Human Milk Oligosaccharides at the Interface of Maternal-Infant Health.Research, Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MoMI CoRE), University of Across the Sweetest Properties of Human Breast Milk Focus on INTRODUCTION Breast Milk (BM), containing nutrients and bioactive components, represents the best source for neonatal nutrition and determines short- and long- term benefits. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play an active role in these pathophysiological mechanisms. In fact, they influence the shaping of breastfed infant's gut microbiota, promote intestinal development, confer protection against intestinal or systemic infections modulating immune system; moreover, HMOs determine extra-intestinal effects on several target organs, i.e reducing necrotizing enterocolitis rate or improving brain development.

AIMS In this review, we analyze the great inter- and intra-individual variability of BM HMOs, investigating maternal, genetic and environmental factors modulating their composition. Moreover, we provide an update regarding HMOs' unique properties, underlining their complex interaction with intestinal microbiota and host-derived metabolites. The possible HMOs' influence on extraintestinal bacterial communities, potentially influencing newborns' and even lactating mothers' health, have been hypothesized. Finally, recognized HMOs' crucial role, we underline the promising opportunities showed by their addition in formula milk, to make it more similar to maternal milk itself.DOI 17415733963166660429114217Importance of the Gut Microbiome in Preterm Infants.Birth represents the start of an incredible journey for the individual and the microbes which reside within and upon them. This interaction between human and microbe is essential for healthy development.

Term infants are colonized by bacteria at birth, and thereafter the diet is the most important factor shaping the gut microbiome, in particular receipt of human milk. Human milk contains viable bacteria and numerous components that modulate the bacterial community, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) which promote the growth of Bifidobacteriumspecies. Notably, Bifidobacteriumspp. are the primary bacterium used in probiotic supplements, owing to their association with positive outcomes in cohort studies and range of beneficial properties in mechanistic experiments. Preterm infants born 32 weeks' gestation encounter an unnatural beginning to life, with housing in sterile incubators, higher rates of caesarean delivery and antibiotic use, and complex nutritional provision. This reduces Bifidobacteriumabundance and overall microbial diversity. However, this also presents an opportunity to use probiotics and prebiotics (e.

g., HMOs) to restore normal development. Much work has focused in this area over the past two decades and, while more work is needed, there is promise in symbiotic intervention to modulate the microbiome and reduce disease in preterm infants.Effect of human milk sialyllactose on cytomegalovirus.Alkali-labile oligosaccharides from glycoproteins of different erythrocyte and Phenol extraction of horse, sheep, cow, pig and human erythrocyte membranes and human milk fat globule membranes gave glycoprotein fractions, all of which were shown by gas chromatography to contain the reduced disaccharide beta-D-galactosyl (1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminital after treatment with alkaline borohydride. Cow and pig erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins were found however to contain much lower amounts than the erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins of the other species tested. After lacto-n-neotetraose , a tetrasaccharide was isolated from horse and sheep glycoproteins containing the disaccharide plus two molecules of sialic acid.

Periodate oxidation together with paper chromatography of alkaline degraded fragments showed these two molecules of sialic acid to be linked to positions C3 and C6 of the galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosamine residues respectively.
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