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*Open terrain of the north encouraged early growth of centralized states
* Trans-Saharan trade shaped the north
* Material Benefits, Arabic Education, Islam
* States were highly structured, reflecting local interpretations of Qur'anic principles
* In 1808, the Fulani established the Sokoto Caliphate, held power until colonial rule
* South had acephalous societies which retained much of their autonomy during colonial rule
* Most politics followed kinship lines
* Principles of accountability and representation
Colonial Rule
* Britain ruled through indirect rule
* Traditional structures pledged allegiance to British Governor
* For acephalous societies, elected Warrant Officer to rule
* The crown played off ethnic and social cleavages to inhibit rebellion
* Used recessive tactics, even until 1940s, if rebellion did occur
* At same time, promoted democracy
* Nigerians only knew Democratic institutions with Authoritarian culture
Divisive Identities
* When British left Nigeria, anticolonial leaders fell apart
* Went for own personal gain; learned from colonial experiences
* Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa long dominated political scene
* Ethnic division first was good, then became bad
* Britain divided Nigeria into three regions in 1956
* Hausa North (Northern's People Congress)
* Yoruba South (Action Group)
* Igbo East (National Convention of Nigerian Citizens)
The First Republic
* Nigeria got independence in 1960 to elected parliamentary government
* Northerners came to dominate federal government
* Turned it into one party system, gave more resources to the north
* Competing sides wanted the military on their side
Civil War
* Mostly Igbo group took over the government
* Backlash against Igbo made them flee back towards the east
* Igbo East tried to secede
* Head of State Gowon fought the east through a policy of national unity, won in three years
* million lives lost
* Post war, Gowon had a policy of reconciliation
* Sorta easy due to growing oil revenue
* Corruption of officials led to Gowon postponing a return to civilian rule from martial law
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