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Atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism Animal Studies Animal studies ARCHITECTURES OF DISPLAY: Department Stores and Modern Retail ROUTLEDGE RESEARCH IN INTERIOR DESIGN Fibrinolytic activity
All human studies (Table- (Table-5),5), except one or two, showing effect of garlic on blood glucose level on normal healthy individuals but not in diabetic patients. Eight trials were identified all using the same dried garlic powder preparation (Kwai). Of the seven trials that compared the effect of garlic with that of placebo, three showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and four in diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
All human studies (Table- (Table-5),5), except one or two, showing effect of garlic on blood glucose level on normal healthy individuals but not in diabetic patients. AGE has been shown to offer protection against the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin, an antineoplastic agent used in cancer therapy [150]. Three ancient medical traditions in India i.e., Tibbi, Unani and Auryveda, made extensive use of garlic as a central part of the healing efficacy of plants [2]. The overall pooled mean difference in the absolute change (from baseline to final measurement) of SBP was greater in the subjects who were treated with garlic than in those treated with placebo. Feeding of garlic powder in rats for 11 days had a protective effect on isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage [151].
Aortic stiffening is as much an important risk factor in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as it serves as reliable surrogate marker for clinical endpoints like myocardial and cerebrovascular incidents. Elevated aortic stiffness induces high systolic blood pressure, augmented pulse pressure with increased ventricular afterload, reduced subendocardial blood flow and augmented pulsatile stress in the peripheral arteries [154]. In population, consuming garlic for long period, attenuation of age-related increase in aortic stiffness has been observed.
Atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism
It was found that different types of stores spent different amount of time and money on visual merchandising. It was found that almost all the stores employed displays with different tools and techniques for maintaining their store ambience, for stimulating the customers to make a purchase decision. Rashid and Khan (1985) have postulated that mechanism of antihypertensive action of garlic is due to its prostaglandin like effects, which decreases peripheral vascular resistance [92]. Membuat Desain Dinding Industrial -glutamylcysteines are the compounds in garlic that may lower blood pressure, as indicated by their ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme in in vitro [114]. Garlic modulates the production and function of both endothelium derived relaxing and constricting factors and this may contribute to its protective effect against hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction [103]. This hypothesis was explained by the fact that NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor) abolished the vasodilatory effect of garlic [103,104].

Augusti & Sheela also proposed that antioxidant effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (isolated product from garlic) may also contribute for its beneficial effect in diabetes [128]. Garlic (allicin) can effectively combine with compounds like cysteine and enhance serum insulin [132]. Jain & Vyas proposed that garlic can act as an antidiabetic agent by increasing either the pancreatic secretion of insulin from the beta cells or its release from bound insulin [131]. Garlic (100 mg/kg) administration for 5 days resulted in a complete inhibition of acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rat [104].
Animal Studies
There is evidence that during the earliest Olympics in Greece, garlic was fed to the athletes for increasing stamina [1]. In ancient Chinese medicine, garlic was prescribed to aid respiration and digestion, most importantly diarrhea and worm infestation [3]. Three ancient medical traditions in India i.e., Tibbi, Unani and Auryveda, made extensive use of garlic as a central part of the healing efficacy of plants [2]. The leading Indian ancient medical text, Charaka-Samhita recommends garlic for the treatment of heart disease and arthritis for over many centuries. In another ancient Indian medical textbook, Bower Manuscript (~300 AD), garlic was used for fatigue, parasitic disease, digestive disorder and leprosy [4]. With the onset of Renaissance, increasing attention was paid in Europe to the medical use of garlic.

Raw garlic juice at a dose of 5 ml/kg has resulted in death of rats due to stomach injury [160]. Surviving rats exhibited swelling of the liver, hypertrophy of the spleen and adrenal glands, and the decrease of erythrocyte count with various morphological changes after 3 and 8 days. Aqueous garlic extract (200 gm/l drinking water) for 10 days exhibited significantly higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) due to liver injury.
Animal studies
Nine studies showed negative results and garlic powder was used in seven of these studies (Table- (Table-1)1) [26-34]. The different composition and quantity of sulfur components of different garlic preparations used in various studies could account for the inconsistent findings. It highlights the need for standardization of different garlic preparations and to arrive at a valid conclusion. Other factors might include the subject recruitment, duration of study, dietary control, lifestyle and methods of lipid analyses [35,36].

Garlic was effective in reducing blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced [ ] as well as alloxan-induced [ ] diabetes mellitus in rats and mice. Most of the studies showed that garlic can reduce blood glucose level in diabetic mice [127,133], rats [124,129,130], and rabbit [131,132]. Treatment of diabetic rats with garlic oil decreased serum acid and alkaline phosphatase, serum alanine and asparate transferases, as well as serum amylase in diabetic rats [123]. Aged garlic extract is also effective to prevent adrenal hypertrophy, hyperglycemia and elevation of corticosterone in hyperglycemic mice induced by immobilization stress [133]. Garlic intake (6.25% by weight in diet) for 12 days reduced hyperphagia and polydipsia but did not alter hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinaemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice [125]. Ingestion of garlic juice resulted in better utilization of glucose in glucose tolerance test performed in rabbits [132,134].

Visual product demonstrates the introduction of a store and selling components in such a way will draw in the consideration and hold the commitment of possible clients. Platelet aggregation superimposed on an atherosclerosis vessel is an antecedent event causing total blockage of blood flow leading to myocardial infarction and thromboembolic diseases. Platelets adhere to the exposed collagen, laminin and von Willebrand factor in the injured vessel wall. The activated platelets change shape, put out pseudopodia, discharge their granules, and stick to other platelets, initiating the process of platelet aggregation. Aggregation is also fostered by platelet activating factor (PAF), a cytokine secreted by neutrophil and monocytes as well as platelets [59].

Chronic administration of garlic powder (50 mg/day) resulted in inhibition of spermatogenesis in rats. Reduced concentration of sialic acid in the testes, epididymis and seminal vesicles together with decreased leydig cell function reflects antiandrogenic effect of garlic [164]. Higher concentration of garlic powder (200 mg/ml) or allicin isolated from garlic caused considerable cell injuries in the porta hepatis zone in isolated perfused rat liver [165], which was not observed at a lower concentration. Another in vitro study showed that diallyl sulfide (oxidized product of allicin) at 5 mM significantly decreased cell viability in liver [166]. In experimental animals, intravenous injection of garlic extracts produced slight reductions in both systolic and diastolic pressures [91,92].


Garlic oil and Diallyl-disulfide (200 mg/kg b.w.) significantly reduced body weight gain of rats [167]. Ajoene, a garlic derived natural compound, present in other types of garlic oil, is an inhibitor as well as a substrate of human glutathione reductase and expected to increase the oxidative stress of the respective cell [168]. Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat are also present [122]. Nutrition plays a primary role to control blood glucose level and further complication.

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