Notes

The reticulospinal tracts are the major descending pathways of the pyramidal system.
-False, they belong to the extrapyramidal system

Which of the following is not true of cyclic amp
-It is found on the outside of the plasma membrane

M2 receptors in the heart _____
- slow the heart rate down to normal sinus rhythm after negative stimulatory actions of the parasympathetic nervous system, by slowing the speed of depolarization.
- Inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity

The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of _________, a type of neuroglia
-Astrocytes

Which of the following nuclei is the recipient of all visceral afferents
- nucleus of the solitary tract, also known as the nucleus tractus solitarius

Which of the following is a catecholamine
- epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine

All adrenergic and muscarinic receptors act via ___
- G-proteins

Damage to which cranial nerve would be associated with both sensory and motor deficits
-Trigeminal nerve CN V
- Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
- Facial nerve CN VII
- Vagus nerve CN X

Where is the G-protein complex when a regulatory molecule is not bound to its receptor
-GPCR

Compared to norepinephrine, epinephrine has one less methyl group
- True

Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called
- Na+ voltage-gated channels moving in first
- K+ voltage-gated channels moving out

What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind in the heart
- Adrenergic receptors

Which cranial nerve is not involved with eye movements
- vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Damage to cranial nerve IX would impair swallowing
- True

Which of the following sensory modalities is carried by the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract
- Discriminative touch

Botulism toxin prevents release of ACh, causing_____
- Flaccid paralysis

The spinocerebellar tract would carry information from sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex
- False

Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following except.
- Otosclerosis

How does the beta blocker, Timolol help in the treatment of glaucome
- reduces the pressure inside the eye by targeting the formation of aqueous humor in the ciliary body

Nerves that supply the muscular and cutaneous innervation of the arm arise from the ______ plexus
- Brachial plexus

Excitotoxicity is caused by
- NMDA receptors

What would you expect to see on the Weber's test someone takes an ototoxic drug that destroys the hair cells of the cochlea
- sensorineural hearing loss

Which ions movement is responsible for repolarization
- Outward diffusion of K+

Bethanechol is muscarinic agonist (parasympathomimetic). Which of the following would not be an indication for this drug
:Indications
- Salivation
- Sweating
- Urinary urgency
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension

Which of the following would be a cause of a lower motor neuron lesion
- Flaccid paralysis
-Muscle atrophy
-Hypotonic
-Fasciculation
-Hypoflexia

Anticholinergic medications wouldn't influence sweating because sweat glands are only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
- True

Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which of the cells are damaged
- Schwann cells

Valproate is used to treat generalized seizures. What mechanism (s) after neurotransmittion
- Voltage-gated Na+ channels (depolarization)
- Promoting GABA activity
- Reduce glutamate-mediated excitatory signaling
- Inhibits NMDA receptors reducing glutamatergic excitatory transmission

How do neurons code for a greater response
- increased frequency of stimuli

Nerve fibers of the ______ tract decussate in the spinal cord and are involved in regulating fine motor movements
- Anterior corticospinal

Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytic
- Microglia

For the autonomics, what function is associated with the M3 receptor
- Increase IP3, DAG cascade, stimulatory muscle contraction and glandular secretion

Which of the following is not a G-protein
- Beta-adrenergic receptors that bind epinephrine
- Prostaglandin E2 receptors that bind inflammatory compounds called prostaglandins
- Rhodopsin

A diagnostic test with a sensitivity of 95% is a good test to rule in a disease
- True

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a ____
- Tract

During the absolute refractory period, a supramaximal stimulus can bring the cell to threshold.
- False

Which of the following is not required to coordinate movement
- Hypothalamus

A drug that blocked ligand gated ______ channels would prevent neuron _____
-Na+, depolarization

A spinal cord injury occurs to the posterior spinocerebellar tract on the right side. What deficits would be expected.
- Incoordination (ataxia) right side
- Motor deficits
- Sensory deficits
- proprioception and vibration sense right side
- pain and temperature sensation left side

Which tract is a part of the extrapyramidal motor tracts
- Vestibulospinal and Reticulospinal tracts
- Rubrospinal and Tectospinal tracts

Entacapone is a Parkinson's medication that inhibits which enzyme
- COMT

The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by _______
- Oligodendrocytes

Sensory impulses for fine touch, precise pressures, and body movement are carried by the _____ tracts.
- Dorsal column
- or Spinothalamic tract

The right side of the brain controls motor activity on the left side of the body because nerve tracts decussate in the _____
- Medulla oblongata

The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to _____ ions than ____ ions
- K+ ions, Na+ ions

Intracellular Ca2+ is elevated if norepinephrine binds to an ______ receptor
- Α1 adrenergic receptors

Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid
- Ependymal cells

Which ascending tract is assessed with pin prick on vatious dermatomes
- Spinothalamic tract

Dysdiadochokinesis and dysmetria indicate damage to ________
- Cerebellum

Oxybutynin is a muscarinic antagonist. Which of the following indications would be correct for this drug?
-overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency.