Notes

Hmos Lnnt
We grouped the milk samples and corresponding infants according to the measured milk 2'FL concentrations at days of lactation, which clustered around low concentrations (95% CI of mean 12-42 mgL) and high concentrations (95% CI of mean 18-24 mgL) with the former likely representing Secretor negative mothers. Infant anthropometric measures were recorded at birth, 1, 2 and 4 months of age. Relations among the quantified HMOs and the relation of the high and low 2'FL HMOs groups with infant growth parameters were investigated via linear mixed models.RESULTS The milk samples with low 2'FL concentration had higher LNT and lower LNnT concentrations compared to the samples with high 2'FL. The milk 3'- and 6'SL concentrations were independent of 2'FL. Over lactation time we observed a drop in the concentration of 2'FL, LNT, LNnT and 6'SL, especially from 1 to 2 months, while 3'SL remained at relatively constant concentration from 1 month onwards.

Up to 4 months of age, we did not observe significant differences in body weight, body length, body mass index and head circumference of the infants who consumed breast milk with low or high FUT2 associated HMO concentrations and CONCLUSIONS Our findings on HMO concentrations over time of lactation and clusters based on 2'FL concentrations confirm previous observations and suggest that LNnT and LNT are 'co-regulated' with the FUT2 dependent 2'FL concentration, with LNnT showing a positive and LNT a negative relation. Further, our findings also suggest that the relatively substantial variation in HMOs between the high and low 2'FL clusters do not impact infant growth of either sex up to 4 months Conflict of interest statement I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests NS CADC PS and SKT are employees of Nestec S.A.; LYL received financial support from Nestle Nutrition to conduct the study. Oligosaccharides does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.The chemical synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides Lacto-N-neotetraose One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.

The discovery of innovative methods that offer new capabilities for obtaining individual oligosaccharides from human milk will help to improve understanding their roles and boost practical applications. The total chemical synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) has been completed using both linear and convergent strategies. The donor and acceptor protecting and leaving group combinations were found to be of paramount significance to successful couplings.Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no competing financial Nature and biosynthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides related to oligosaccharides Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are prominent among the functional components of human breast milk. While HMO have potential applications in both infants and adults, this potential is limited by the difficulties in manufacturing these complex structures. Consequently, functional alternatives such as galacto-oligosaccharides are under investigation, and nowadays, infant formulae are supplemented with galacto-oligosaccharides to mimic the biological effects of HMO. Recently, approaches toward the production of defined human milk oligosaccharide structures using microbial, fermentative methods employing single, appropriately engineered microorganisms were introduced.

Furthermore, galactose-containing hetero-oligosaccharides have attracted an increasing amount of attention because they are structurally more closely related to HMO. The synthesis of these novel oligosaccharides, which resemble the core of HMO, is of great interest for applications in the food industry.Intestinal microbiology in early life specific prebiotics can have similar functionalities as human-milk oligosaccharides.Oozeer R(1), van Limpt K, Ludwig T, Ben Amor K, Martin R, Wind RD, Boehm G, Knol Human milk is generally accepted as the best nutrition for newborns and has been shown to support the optimal growth and development of infants. On the basis of scientific insights from human-milk research, a specific mixture of nondigestible oligosaccharides has been developed, with the aim to improve the intestinal microbiota in early life. 2'-fucosyllactose has been extensively studied and has been shown to be safe and to have potential health benefits that are similar to those of human milk.
Read More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-Fucosyllactose