Notes

Curaxin-Induced Genetic Topology Adjustments Induce the actual Distinct Binding Response regarding CTCF and also FACT on the Single-Molecule Degree.
Photosynthetic reaction center (RC) of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides is one of the most well-studied transmembrane pigment-protein complexes. It is a relatively stable protein with established conditions for its isolation from membranes, purification, and storage. However, it has been shown that some amino acid substitutions can affect stability of the RC, which results in a decrease of the RCs yield during its isolation and purification, disturbs spectral properties of the RCs during storage, and can lead to sample heterogeneity. To optimize conditions for studying mutant RCs, the effect of various detergents and osmolytes on thermal stability of the complex was examined. It was shown that trehalose and, to a lesser extent, sucrose, maltose, and hydroxyectoin at 1 M concentration slow down thermal denaturation of RCs. Sodium cholate was found to have significant stabilizing effect on the structure of native and genetically modified RCs. The use of sodium cholate as a detergent has several advantages and can be recommended for the storage and investigation of the unstable mutant membrane complexes of purple bacteria in long-term experiments.Rathayibacter sp. VKM Ac-2759 (family Microbacteriaceae, class Actinobacteria) contains two glycopolymers in the cell wall. The main chain of rhamnan, glycopolymer 1, is built from the repeating tetrasaccharide units carrying terminal arabinofuranose residues at the non-reducing end, →3)-α-[α-D-Araf-(1→2)]-D-Rhap-(1→2)-α-D-Rhap-(1→3)-α-D-Rhap-(1→2)-α-D-Rhap-(1→. Similar to other described Rathayibacter species, rhamnose in the neutral glycopolymer of the VKM Ac-2759 strain is present in the D-configuration. Acetalated with pyruvic acid teichuronic acid, glycopolymer 2, is composed of the repeating tetrasaccharide units, →4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→3)-β-[4,6-S-Pyr]-D-Manp-(1→. Glycopolymers 1 and 2 were identified in prokaryotic microorganisms for the first time and their structures were established by chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The obtained data can be used in taxonomic research, as well as for elucidating the mechanisms of plant colonization and infection by bacteria of the Rathayibacter genus.Antioxidant properties of rat galanin GWTLNSAGYLLGPHAIDNHRSFSDKHGLT-NH2 (Gal), N-terminal fragment of galanin (2-15 aa) WTLNSAGYLLGPHA (G1), and its modified analogue WTLNSAGYLLGPβAH (G2) were studied in vivo in the rat model of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and in vitro in the process of Cu2+-induced free radical oxidation of human blood plasma low-density lipoproteins. Intravenous administration of G1, G2, and Gal to rats after ischemia induction reduced the infarction size and activities of the necrosis markers, creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase, in blood plasma at the end of reperfusion. G1, G2, and Gal reduced formation of the spin adducts of hydroxyl radicals in the interstitium of the area at risk during reperfusion, moreover, G2 and Gal also reduced formation of the secondary products of lipid peroxidation in the reperfused myocardium. It was shown in the in vivo experiments and in the in vitro model system that the ability of galanin peptides to reduce formation of ROS and attenuate lipid peroxidation during myocardial reperfusion injury was not associated directly with their effects on activities of the antioxidant enzymes of the heart Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The peptides G1, G2, and Gal at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 mM inhibited Cu2+-induced free radical oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins in vitro. The results of oxidative stress modeling demonstrated that the natural and synthetic agonists of galanin receptors reduced formation of the short-lived ROS in the reperfused myocardium, as well as of lipid radicals in blood plasma. Thus, galanin receptors could be a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.Heterologous endo-xanthanase (EX) from the thermophilic planktomycete Thermogutta terrifontis strain was obtained using Penicillium verruculosum 537 (ΔniaD) expression system with the cellobiohydrolase 1 gene promoter. Homogeneous EX with a molecular weight of 23.7 kDa (pI 6.5) was isolated using liquid chromatography methods. This xanthan degrading enzyme also possesses the enzymatic activity towards CM-cellulose, β-glucan, curdlan, lichenan, laminarin, galactomannan, xyloglucan but not towards p-nitrophenyl derivatives of β-D-glucose, mannose and cellobiose. The temperature and pH optima of EX were 55°C and 4.0, respectively; the enzyme exhibited 90% of its maximum activity in the temperature range 50-60°C and pH 3-5.Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is very sensitive to the nutritional and energy states of the cells. Disruption of ER homeostasis leads to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which is defined as ER stress. ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Resveratrol cost It is suggested that chronic ER stress is associated with obesity and leptin resistance. We investigated the role of ER stress and the effect of the ER stress inhibitor phenylbutyric acid (PBA) of ER stress, in obesity, as well as their impact on leptin signaling. This study involved twenty-four lean and twenty-four leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice divided into PBA- and vehicle-treated groups. Pancreatic islets were isolated, incubated with leptin for 48 h, and assayed for the expression of CHOP and XBP1s (UPR signaling indicators) and SOCS3 (regulator of leptin signaling) by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of XBP1s and CHOP were markedly increased in the ob/ob controls compared to other groups with and without leptin treatment. No significant differences in the XBP1s and CHOP expression levels were found between the PBA-treated ob/ob and lean mice. SOCS3 expression was significantly upregulated in the PBA-treated ob/ob mice compared to the ob/ob controls after leptin treatment; but no significant difference in the SOCS3 expression was found between the PBA-treated ob/ob and lean mice with and without leptin treatment. Our findings suggested that ER stress plays an important role in the pathology of obesity, while PBA reduces ER stress and may potentially ameliorate leptin signaling.
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