Notes

Genomic epidemiology regarding regularly circulating MDR Shigella sonnei ranges connected with men who have sex with males (MSM) throughout The kingdom (2013-19).
When should a trial stop? Such a seemingly innocent question evokes concerns of type I and II errors among those who believe that certainty can be the product of uncertainty and among researchers who have been told that they need to carefully calculate sample sizes, consider multiplicity, and not spend P values on interim analyses. However, the endeavor to dichotomize evidence into significant and nonsignificant has led to the basic driving force of science, namely uncertainty, to take a back seat. In this viewpoint we discuss that if testing the null hypothesis is the ultimate goal of science, then we need not worry about writing protocols, consider ethics, apply for funding, or run any experiments at all-all null hypotheses will be rejected at some point-everything has an effect. The job of science should be to unearth the uncertainties of the effects of treatments, not to test their difference from zero. We also show the fickleness of P values, how they may one day point to statistically significant results; and after a few more participants have been recruited, the once statistically significant effect suddenly disappears. We show plots which we hope would intuitively highlight that all assessments of evidence will fluctuate over time. Finally, we discuss the remedy in the form of Bayesian methods, where uncertainty leads; and which allows for continuous decision making to stop or continue recruitment, as new data from a trial is accumulated.Tooth retention has always been the major goal of all dental professionals when possible. In the mid 1800s this attainment was a major challenge due to problems in dealing with deep caries and the potential for exposed and infected dental pulps. Although the diagnostic skills of the clinician during that era were not as honed as they might be today, they were still cognizant of dealing with compromised pulp tissue and its elimination from the root canal when necessary, however demanding. This historical perspective will present a rather unique way in which Dr. Josiah Foster Flagg opted to manage these types of clinical challenges.The wild image on this Victorian trade card is especially eye-catching (Fig. 1A). The thirteen animals and birds casually hanging around the DR. CARMAN'S DENTALAID display booth at the 1882 AMERICAN INSTITUTE in New York, certainly drew attention by the strangeness of the illustration. The written description on the reverse of the DENTALAID card is an excellent example of good advertising by good writing and the obverse exemplifies, even without the use of color, eye-appeal. This card was undoubtedly given out at S.A. DUSTIN'S NEW DRUG STORE on Main Street in Batavia, N.Y. (see red stamp on obverse) and at the exhibit booth.Ingenious dental professionals created teeth separators over 130 years ago that enabled the effective access to and restoration of interproximal tooth decay. Many companies claimed superiority in their products and key individuals expounded on their use. CT-707 price Because separators were often intertwined with matrix bands, confusion was present as both the separators and matrix bands were often referred jointly as matrices in textbooks, journal publications and dental catalogues. However, these authors who focused exclusively on teeth separation for restorative purposes, detailed the concepts of separation quite clearly. In time the use of these entities was replaced by other methods to manage these secluded tooth surfaces. However, orthodontic tooth movement picked up on the use of different types of non-mechanical separators in the early 1900s in their simplicity to create space to facilitate band placement. Further evolution coincided with material development that enabled ease of placement for both the dentist and the patient.Many stalwarts in the dental profession stood out during the conflagrations of the Focal Infection Era 100 years ago, in an attempt to prevent the wholesale extraction of teeth. One of these individuals, Dr. Meyer L. Rhein, both a physician and dentists often scolded the dental profession for their proclivity in disregarding the biological basis for root canal treatment. His understanding and management of the apical root anatomy challenges did not go unnoticed as he fought to retain teeth regardless of the status of the dental pulp and surrounding supportive structures.A former Spanish colony, Puerto Rico has been an unincorporated US territory since 1898 when Spain relinquished all claims over it under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Half a century later, Universidad de Puerto Rico created the School of Dental Medicine, which began activities in 1957. In 1961, Lowell E. McKelvey became Dean of the School and in 1963 he established the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery advanced specialty education program following the US model. Created as a 36-month program with 2 residents per year, currently it is a 48-year program accepting 3 residents annually. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of this CODA-accredited program and to analyze the circumstances under which this program was developed.For decades the dismantling of previous dental work to correct inferior root canal procedures or to address recurrent dental caries has provided a significant amount of work for the restorative dentist. When coupled with teeth that have been root treated and also have an intraradicular post or dowel, the clinician was often presented with the challenge of post removal, without fracturing the root, and revision (retreatment) of the root canal procedures. While today's contemporary dentistry has the wherewithal to use ultrasonic devices to loosen and remove the post, this was not always the case historically, and creativity in this process was the hallmark of many of our predecessors.Historically, many teeth that had been traumatized resulted in extractions and replacements with a fixed partial denture (bridge). However, in rare situations some clinicians provided creative approaches to tooth retention much like what is done today, 125 years later.On 9 September 1894, Dr. Jefferson H. Woolley (1838-1918) of 70 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois sent a pre-printed U.S. one cent Thomas Jefferson postal card to a "Miss Maude Wilson of 123 Park Avenue, City" (Fig. 1). The card was a reminder or recall card that she had been scheduled for a dental appointment with Dr. Woolley on "Tuesday, October 2nd at 9 a.m "(1894) (Fig. 2). In the senior author's 50 years of collecting postcards related to dentistry, this is the earliest reminder or recall card encountered. In fact it is the only 19th century card of this type we have ever seen.
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