Notes

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With regard to the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, this longitudinal study evaluated the radiation-induced changes in the parotid and submandibular glands in terms of gland size, echogenicity and haemodynamic parameters.

21 NPC patients treated by IMRT underwent MRI and ultrasound scans before radiotherapy, and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after treatment. Parotid and submandibular gland volumes were measured from the MRI images, whereas the parotid echogenicity and haemodynamic parameters including the resistive index, pulsatility index, peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity were evaluated by ultrasonography. Trend lines were plotted to show the pattern of changes. The correlations of gland doses and the post-RT changes were also studied.

The volume of the parotid and submandibular glands demonstrated a significant drop from pre-RT to 6 months post-RT. The parotid gland changed from hyperechoic before RT to either isoechoic or hypoechoic aftits.
It is the first paper that reports on the longitudinal changes of salivary gland volume, echogenicity and haemodynamic parameters altogether in NPC patients after radiotherapy. click here The results are useful for the prediction of glandular changes that is associated with xerostomia, which help to provide timely management of the complication when the patients attend follow-up visits.
To compare two methods of assessing gland size on thyroid ultrasound in newborn infants with suspected congenital hypothyroidism (CH).

Images from infants with eutopic glands referred between 2007 and 2013 were evaluated blind by two sets of observers. Subjective gland size was categorised as small, borderline-small, normal, borderline-large and large. Objective gland volume, calculated as the sum of each lobe using the prolate ellipsoid formula (length x width x depth x π/6), was put into corresponding categories <0.8, 0.81-1.0, 1.1- <2.2, 2.2-2.4 and >2.4 ml, derived from normative Scottish data.

Of 36 infants, permanent CH was present in 17, transient CH in 17, status uncertain in 2. Mean (SD) intraobserver error for thyroid volume measurement was 0.11 (0.23) ml [8.3%]. Subjective assessment by two observers was discordant in only four (10.8%) infants. However, subjective
objective evaluation was discordant in 14 (39%). Eight (three permanent, five transient CH) had large glands subjectively but normal glands objectively; and six (four transient CH) had normal glands subjectively but small glands objectively. The former infants all showed a single flattened curve to the anterior thyroid margin, giving an impression of bulkiness. Gland shape was normal in the latter infants.

Neither subjective nor objective evaluation predicts permanent
transient CH. Altered gland shape may confound both methods, and undermine use of the conventional formula for measuring lobe volume.

Until more refined methods are available for assessing thyroid size, both subjective and objective evaluation are recommended in CH.
Until more refined methods are available for assessing thyroid size, both subjective and objective evaluation are recommended in CH.
To assess the response and toxicity of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer (HNC), who had previously received radiation for their primary tumor.

Between 2014 and 2018, patients who received SABR to recurrent HNC within the previously irradiated region were retrospectively reviewed. Mean age was 60 years (range 30-78 Years). Histology was confirmed in all patients. MRI and /or CT-positron emission tomography were done to evaluate local extent and to rule out metastasis. Response was assessed as per RECIST/PERCIST Criteria. Cox proportional hazards regression and the Kaplan-Meier methods were used for statistical analysis.

32 patients received SABR. RPA Class II, III patients were 20 and 12 respectively. 87% patients received a dose of ≥30 Gy/5 fractions. Median follow-up was 12 months. Estimated 1 year and 2 years local control was 64.2 and 32% and 1 year and 2 years overall survival was 67.5 and 39.5% respectively. Acute Grade 2 skin and Grade 3 mucore difficult in previously radiated patient. More than 50% patients are unresectable. Other options of salvage treatment like re-irradiation and chemotherapy are associated with poor response rates and high incidence of acute and late toxicity (Gr ≥3 toxicity 50-70%). SABR is a novel technology to deliver high dose of radiation to recurrent tumor with high precision. It yields high local control rates with less toxicity compared to conventionally fractionated radiation.
Radiology has been espoused as an excellent tool for educating medical students since 1925. Advances in technology and PACS mean it has never been easier to demonstrate living anatomy and clinical pathology in exquisite detail to students. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of radiologic publications related to teaching medical students and its evolution through time.

A literature search was performed from inception to November 2018. The search strategies used both text words and relevant indexing related to "radiology", "medical students" and "curriculum".

3589 records were identified of which 377 were included. There was a 100 fold increase in rate of publication over time-most were expository or surveys (60%), with few truly experimental articles. Radiology was used in clinical teaching (67%) and anatomy (33%). Almost half of radiologic anatomy teaching was conducted without the input of a Radiologist. Compulsory clinical clerkships/blocks in radiology was offered infrequently (35%). Female first authorship had increased in the last decade (47%).

There is a significant increase in articles published on the role of radiology in medical student teaching in the last decade. Research in this area is required in order to investigate the role of radiology in improving the modern medical students' education.
There is a significant increase in articles published on the role of radiology in medical student teaching in the last decade. Research in this area is required in order to investigate the role of radiology in improving the modern medical students' education.
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