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Any Cross-Sectional Study of High-risk Tourist Behaviors Throughout the COVID-19 Crisis.
The spread of substandard and falsified medicines has become a global problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Previously, we found that some tablets containing the same active ingredient had large differences in their dissolution even though their contents were comparable. In this study, we investigated the poor dissolution of roxithromycin tablets using near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) to visualize the internal tablet structure. Roxithromycin tablets collected in LMICs and the pioneer product Rulid® as a reference were cut to a flat surface for analysis. NIR spectral data were normalized, and a principal component analysis was performed to create a tablet internal structure image. For Rulid®, the differences between the spectra with high and low scores were small, and well-defined aggregation of ingredients was not observed. However, large differences in the scores were found for roxithromycin tablets manufactured in some LMICs, and non-uniformity of ingredient distribution and aggregation were observed. Additionally, some pharmaceutical excipients, such as starch or magnesium stearate, were found in certain aggregates by comparing NIR spectra. The NIR-CI results showed some excipients existed as large aggregates, which indicated that the ingredients were not evenly mixed in the roxithromycin tablet, and this contributed to its poor dissolution.Oral dosage formulations are considered to be the most convenient pharmaceutical dosage forms for almost all ages because of their simplicity and non-invasive administration compared to other dosage forms. To improve therapeutic efficacy and avoid frequent daily doses, extending drug release profile is of great interest in pharmaceutical industry. Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME) has gained great attention in pharmaceutical industry since it is one of the continuous manufacturing processes, which can cut down production steps and human errors as opposed to batch to batch process. This controlled and continuous process can improve product quality and reproducibility. HME is a versatile technology, where controlled/sustained oral dosage forms have been one of its important production lines. With the emergence of 3D printing, the future of personalized medicine has become more applicable. Recently, there is a great orientation towards the combination of HME and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), in an aim to be a continuous process for personalized and telemedicine. Several extended-release formulations have been manufactured successfully through HME coupled with FDM. This review will shed light on pharmaceutical approaches used to control and sustain drug release in oral formulations by HME and its combination with FDM 3D printing. Quality by design approaches and critical process- and formulation-related factors that affect the release profiles in both HME and FDM will be also discussed clearly in this review.Water uptake and swelling of tablets are processes occurring during active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) release. Thereby, disintegration is promoted and the enhanced exposure of API surface area to the release medium facilitates API dissolution. An experimental set-up for the simultaneous and time-resolved determination of water uptake and swelling of tablets has been developed. Water uptake was determined with a balance and swelling was determined with a camera. To validate the gravimetrical analysis, real-time water uptake measurements with inert test specimens were performed. The standard deviation of these measurements was considered to depict precision. A complementary gravimetrical analysis was employed to determine accuracy. For both, precision and accuracy, a maximum deviation of 6% was found. An algorithm for the symmetry-based 3D volume reconstruction was applied to obtain volumes of the tablets from 2D images. X-ray micro computed tomography was used to validate the accuracy and the determined volumes were in good accordance within 6% deviation. A case study with binary formulations of a filler and disintegrants confirmed reproducibility and demonstrated the ability of the method to discriminate formulation characteristics, such as disintegrant type, composition and porosity for water uptake and swelling with the necessary temporal resolution.Segesterone acetate (SA) is a promising and recently approved drug substance used as a contraceptive. SA has two major polymorphic forms, Form I and II. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pki587.html We have shown through indirect analysis that Form I is the more thermodynamically stable polymorphic form at room temperature, however, during the manufacturing process of SA drug products the solid-state stability must be shown to be under control. In the present work, a systematic study has been done using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and room temperature Raman spectroscopy on both micronized and non-micronized SA powder samples. XRPD showed a crystalline structure in both powder samples with a distinct coexistence of the polymorphic Forms I and II which was confirmed by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. The study showed that after thermal annealing a noticeable reduction of the amount of polymorphic Form II was found in both samples. Our results suggest the possibility of reducing the amount of SA Form II by thermal treatment inducing an irreversible solid-state transition to yield the thermodynamically more stable polymorphic Form I. To quantify the ratio of polymorphs I and II we have implemented a method that can be used as a routine analysis step in the manufacturing process of SA.Resveratrol is a very promising anti-oxidant drug candidate with low oral bioavailability due to its intrinsic poor water solubility, intestinal efflux and metabolization mechanisms. Resveratrol solubility high-throughput screening with different carriers was performed showing an enhancement above 2000-fold with Soluplus® and Tween® 80. The former was selected as a carrier at the ratio of resveratrol Soluplus® (12). Then, third-generation solid dispersions were developed with Gelucire® and poloxamer 407 at 5 and 15% to resveratrol Soluplus® (12). All formulations enhanced solubility around 2-fold when compared to resveratrol Soluplus® (12) solid dispersion. Caco-2 cells permeability studies showed that both surfactants increased drug permeability and the fraction recovered (2-fold) suggesting that these could reduce efflux mechanism and metabolism. Formulation with 15% poloxamer 407 demonstrated most promising results and was selected for further studies. In in vivo studies, resveratrolSoluplus® poloxamer 407 (12-15%) third generation solid dispersion presented an AUCo-t of 279 ± 54 ng.
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