Notes

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Chemical (SLPI) within mucosal tissues: Protects towards irritation, but helps bring about cancer.
resources is important. Incentivising participation through recognition of learning is important. Engaging in a social learning platform also has the power for reflection, promotion of resilience and capacity for health systems strengthening.
We report the development and validation of a comprehensive Parenting and Child Tooth brushing Assessment (PACTA) questionnaire.

This cross-sectional study was conducted with community-recruited Australian parents (N=450) of children aged 2-8years. Parents completed an online survey including the newly developed PACTA (comprising four scales assessing children's tooth brushing behaviours, parenting strategies, attitudes and knowledge) and established scales assessing parenting behaviours, attitudes and self-efficacy.

Exploratory factor analyses revealed two-factor structures for scales assessing child behaviour ('noncompliance' and 'avoidance behaviour'), parenting strategies ('effective strategies' and 'ineffective strategies') and attitudes ('emotional reactions' and 'lack of concern'), whereas the knowledge scale was unidimensional. Internal consistencies were satisfactory (>0.7) for all except the knowledge scale. There was good evidence of convergent and predictive validity. All subscales predicted children's parent-reported tooth brushing frequency; children were more likely to brush at least twice per day when parents reported fewer tooth brushing behavioural problems, using effective parenting strategies, and having better attitudes and knowledge. Poorer scores on the 'lack of concern' subscale of the attitudes scale were the strongest unique predictor of twice-daily brushing (OR, 95% CI 1.51, 1.36-1.67).

PACTA demonstrates satisfactory validity and reliability. Further research assessing sensitivity to change following intervention is warranted.
PACTA demonstrates satisfactory validity and reliability. Further research assessing sensitivity to change following intervention is warranted.
To analyze the imaging manifestations of common fetal oral masses by ultrasound combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to discuss their differential diagnoses.

A retrospective study of 6 fetuses with oral masses was performed at a tertiary referral center. The imaging features of prenatal ultrasonography and MRI in the diagnosis of fetal oral masses were analyzed.

Histopathological examination and/or postpartum ultrasound revealed lymphangioma malformation in 2 fetuses, and mucosal retention cyst, mature teratoma, immature teratoma, and cranial meningocele in 1 fetus, respectively. The teratoma had a characteristic sonographic appearance. In our study, the 4 cases of cystic masses did not have an abnormal vessel architecture. Supplemental MRI revealed a mass effect at the level of the hypopharynx, and in 2 cases with polyhydramnios, the mass obstructed the fetuses' upper airway. Thus, ex-utero intrapartum therapy surgery was performed to secure the newborn's airway.

Oral fetal tumors represent rare congenital malformations. This study shows that a prenatal diagnosis of oral masses is feasible by ultrasound examination. MRI can further confirm the results of ultrasonography and clearly show the relationship between the mass and the hypopharynx. Ultrasonography combined with MRI could, to a large extent, facilitate early detection and appropriate treatment and improve outcome.
Oral fetal tumors represent rare congenital malformations. This study shows that a prenatal diagnosis of oral masses is feasible by ultrasound examination. MRI can further confirm the results of ultrasonography and clearly show the relationship between the mass and the hypopharynx. Ultrasonography combined with MRI could, to a large extent, facilitate early detection and appropriate treatment and improve outcome.The inherent variable anatomy of the neonate and the uniquely-shaped maternal birth canal that is associated with the evolution of human bipedalism constitute risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). For example, those neonates with a prefixed brachial plexus (BP) are at greater risk of trauma due to lateral neck traction during delivery than those with a normal or postfixed BP. Compared to adults, neonates also have extremely large and heavy heads (high head body ratio) set upon necks with muscles and ligaments that are weak and poorly developed. Accordingly, insufficient cranial stability can place large torques on the cervical spinal nerves. In addition, the pelvic changes necessary for habitual bipedal posture resulted in a uniquely-shaped, obstruction-filled, sinusoidal birth canal, requiring the human fetus to complete a complicated series of rotations to successfully traverse it. Furthermore, although there are many risk factors that are known to contribute to NBPP, the specific anatomy and physiology of the neonate, except for macrosomia, is not considered to be one of them. In fact, currently, the amount of lateral traction applied to the neck during delivery is the overwhelming legal factor that is used to evaluate whether a birth attendant is liable in cases of permanent NBPP. Here, we suggest that the specific anatomy and physiology of the neonate and mother, which are clearly not within the control of the birth attendant, should also be considered when assessing liability in cases of NBPP.
This study assessed the features of the 100 most-cited papers on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).

The 100 most-cited OHRQoL papers were collected from Web of Science, adopting a combined keyword search strategy. Google Scholar and Scopus databases were searched to compare citations. The following data were extracted from papers title of the paper, number of citations, authorship, country, year of publication, title of the journal, study design, sample size, topic and OHRQoL instruments used. Graphical bibliometric networks were created using VOSviewer software.

The number of citations of the top 100 most-cited OHRQoL papers ranged from 73 to 949. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chlorin-e6.html Fifty-six papers received at least 100 citations and two received more than 400 citations. Most papers were from Canada (23%) and had been published in Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology (37%). David Locker was the most-cited author (25 papers; 3,521 citations). The cross-sectional study design was the most common (68%). The impact of oral health conditions on OHRQoL (43%) was the most frequent topic, and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) was the most commonly used OHRQoL instrument (48%).
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