Notes

The whole chloroplast genome involving Epimedium flavum Stearn (Berberidaceae).
Commercial quinolone ear drops (0.3%) delivered twice daily for 10 days cause tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs) in rats. We aimed to evaluate if a single application of 6% quinolone in poloxamer causes TMPs in rats.

Rats were randomized to 5 groups (10/group), with one ear receiving a single otic instillation of 16% poloxamer 407 or 188 (as found in a commercial otic preparation and a wound dressing), or ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or neomycin at 6% in suspension with 16% poloxamer 407. The contralateral ear received saline. Rats were assessed over 42 days.

No TMPs were seen in ears treated with saline, poloxamer 407 or 188, or in ears treated with ofloxacin-, ciprofloxacin-, or neomycin-poloxamer suspension. White precipitates were observed on the canal or tympanic membrane of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin-treated ears. Precipitates were more common in ciprofloxacin-treated ears until day 10 (p<0.0001 to p=0.0004). Tympanic membrane surface irregularities, were also observed mostly in the ciprofloxacin-treated ears from day 3-42 (p=0.03 to p=0.0033).

Quinolone in poloxamer otic preparations may be a safer therapeutic alternative to conventional quinolone ear drops in ears with intact TMs, particularly those felt to be at risk for developing TMPs.
Quinolone in poloxamer otic preparations may be a safer therapeutic alternative to conventional quinolone ear drops in ears with intact TMs, particularly those felt to be at risk for developing TMPs.
Impedance audiometry is a routine test for diagnosing hearing disorders in children. Typically, tympanometry uses a 220 or 226Hz probe tone. GSK621 molecular weight However, using a 1000Hz test tone is becoming increasingly popular, particularly in newborns, since it enables one to assess individual components of the ear's admittance.

This study compares tympanograms for test frequencies of 226Hz and 1000Hz in newborns and evaluate the rate of occurrence of each type of tympanogram for both frequencies.

The study material was 53 newborns. All newborns underwent middle ear susceptibility testing at two measurement frequencies 226Hz and 1000Hz. The parameters obtained with both frequencies were compared, and the utility of the 1000Hz test frequency for middle ear diagnostics in newborns was evaluated.

The results show that tympanograms obtained from the same ear using different test frequencies are significantly different. The 1000Hz tone produced a higher rate of type B tympanograms (flat).

Tympanometry curves for 226Hz and 1000Hz are different, and in newborns the 1000Hz test tone revealed a higher rate of middle ear pathology. However, further studies are required to verify that 1000Hz tympanometry is a high-sensitivity diagnostic method for middle ear problems in newborns.
Tympanometry curves for 226 Hz and 1000 Hz are different, and in newborns the 1000 Hz test tone revealed a higher rate of middle ear pathology. However, further studies are required to verify that 1000 Hz tympanometry is a high-sensitivity diagnostic method for middle ear problems in newborns.
Midwifery philosophy and practice is grounded in providing woman-centred care. The available evidence was reviewed to better understand how to provide Woman-centred midwifery care in complex pregnancy situations. Complexity in this context is defined as psychosocial or biomedical risk factors that place the mother and/or her baby at increased risk for adverse outcomes.

A comprehensive integrative review was undertaken to identify peer reviewed research in English over the last 5 years. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Tool.

Published studies which discussed enablers and barriers to woman-centred care for pregnant women with complex needs. 13 papers met the inclusion criteria for this review.

This review identifies that Organisational and Professional power differentials create barriers to woman-centred care and provoke professional boundary tensions. For a woman with a complex pregnancy, this places her at risk for 'falling through the gaps' between maternity services, models of care and health providers.

Women, birth and midwifery care are still largely constrained within a biomedical model of maternity care. Whilst barriers to woman-centred care have been identified, for women with complexity in pregnancy there appear to be few solutions when care requires multi-specialist input and crossing the boundaries and silos of healthcare.
Women, birth and midwifery care are still largely constrained within a biomedical model of maternity care. Whilst barriers to woman-centred care have been identified, for women with complexity in pregnancy there appear to be few solutions when care requires multi-specialist input and crossing the boundaries and silos of healthcare.Traumatic neuroendocrine dysfunction may present with diabetes insipidus (DI) or with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Both these pathologies involve a disturbance in the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, causing dysnatremias. Diagnosis of posttraumatic ADH dysfunction is hampered by technical difficulties in ADH assessment, and relies mostly on non-specific serum sodium, serum and urine osmolality and diuresis, often leading to misdiagnosis in the acute care setting. Research now focuses on the diagnostic role of copeptin, a peptide secreted together with ADH in an equimolar fashion, and which can be accurately evaluated. Recent studies identified cut-off values of 2.6 pmol/L for baseline copeptin and of 4.9 and 3.8 pmol/L for hypertonic saline infusion and arginine infusion stimulated copeptin, respectively, for the diagnosis of DI in patients with polyuria-polydipsia syndrome. Although SIADH is more difficult to be explored due to its heterogeneity, a ratio of copeptin to urinary sodium below 30 pmol/mmol identifies euvolemic hyponatremia. Exploring the role of copeptin assessment in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the acute phase may improve their diagnosis accuracy, management and outcome.Axon degeneration is a prominent feature of the injured nervous system, occurs across neurological diseases, and drives functional loss in neural circuits. We have seen a paradigm shift in the last decade with the realization that injured axons are capable of actively driving their own destruction through the sterile-alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) protein. Early studies of Wallerian degeneration highlighted a central role for NAD+ metabolites in axon survival, and this association has grown even stronger in recent years with a deeper understanding of SARM1 biology. Here, we review our current knowledge of SARM1 function in vivo and our evolving understanding of its complex architecture and regulation by injury-dependent changes in the local metabolic environment. The field is converging on a model whereby SARM1 acts as a sensor for metabolic changes that occur after injury and then drives catastrophic NAD+ loss to promote degeneration. However, a number of observations suggest that SARM1 biology is more complicated, and there remains much to learn about how SARM1 governs nervous system responses to injury or disease.
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