Notes

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The second objective was to confirm adequate distribution of the pheromones by measuring the mating disruption efficacy by monitoring male moth trap catches. The UAV was able to fly autonomously along a prescribed itinerary, deploying the paraffin product uniformly; however, the increased mass of the retrofitted UAV limited flight times to ~12 min. The number of male cranberry fruitworm and blackheaded fireworm moths caught in lure-baited traps were reduced in the paraffin-treated beds compared with untreated beds, indicating adequate distribution of the pheromones. The UAV-applied pheromones concept could be developed into a production scale application method in the future, although issues of battery life and lifting capacity will need to be resolved.Chloroplast genomes in land plants include approximately 20 intron-containing genes. Most of the introns are similar to the group II introns found in fungi, algae and some bacteria, but no self-splicing has been reported. To analyze splicing reactions in chloroplasts, we developed a tobacco chloroplast-based in vitro system. We optimized the splicing reaction using atpF precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA). compound library chemical Our system requires a high ATP concentration, whereas ATP is unnecessary for self-splicing group II introns. Self-splicing group II introns possess two exon-binding sites (EBS1 & 2) complementary to two intron-binding sites (IBS1 & 2) in the 3' end of 5' exons, which are involved in 5' splice-site selection. Using our in vitro system and atpF pre-mRNA, we analyzed short sequences corresponding to the above EBSs and IBSs. Mutation analyses revealed that EBS1-IBS1 pairing is essential while EBS2-IBS2 pairing is important but not crucial for splicing. The first 3' exon nucleotide determines the 3' splice-sites of self-splicing introns. However, mutations to this nucleotide in atpF pre-mRNA did not affect splicing. This result suggests that the mechanism underlying chloroplast pre-mRNA splicing differs partly from that mediating the self-splicing of group II introns.Sharing experience is a fundamental human social cognition. Since visual experience is a mental state directed toward the world, we hypothesized that sharing visual experience is mediated by joint attention for sharing directedness and mentalizing for mental state inferences. We conducted a hyperscanning fMRI with 44 healthy adult volunteers to test this hypothesis. We employed spoken language-cued spatial and feature-based joint attention tasks. The initiator attracts the partner's attention by a verbal command to a spatial location or an object feature to which the responder directs their attention. Pair-specific inter-individual neural synchronization of task-specific activities was found in the right anterior insular cortex (AIC)-inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) complex, the core node of joint attention and salience network, and the right posterior superior temporal sulcus, which represents the shared categories of the target. The right AIC-IFG also showed inter-individual synchronization of the residual time-series data, along with the right temporoparietal junction and dorso-medial prefrontal cortex-the core components for mentalization and the default mode network. This background synchronization represents sharing the belief of sharing the situation. Thus, shared visual experiences are represented by coherent coordination between the default mode network and salience network linked through the right AIC-IFG.Current unmanned aircraft system (a.k.a. drone) technology is an effective tool for aerial survey of pests including weeds, plant diseases, and insects. This study was conducted to develop an aerial survey method that can locate cocoons of the oriental moth, Monema flavescens Walker, for precise and accurate detection of the cocoons in winter to prevent defoliation in the subsequent summer. We used a rotary-wing drone for an aerial survey of M. flavescens cocoons on 15 trees at 3-5 m above the tree canopy. We also conducted a conventional ground survey of M. flavescens cocoons on the same trees for two different conditions of cocoons open (i.e., adult moths already emerged from cocoons) and closed (i.e., adult moths were not emerged yet). A validation census with destructive sampling was conducted to determine the precision and accuracy of the aerial and ground survey methods. The results of this study showed that from the aerial survey with the drone, images of open cocoons differed from those of closed cocoons. We found higher precision and accuracy and lower type I and II error rates for closed cocoons by the aerial survey with the drone than those by the ground survey. No significant relationships of the number of cocoons with tree height and diameter at breast height were found. This is the first study to demonstrate direct detection of insects with an aerial survey by using a drone.
We conduct this study to explore the associations of weekend and weekdays admission with the clinical events among heart failure (HF) patients with and without comorbid atrial fibrillation (AF).

In this study, we recruited 57919 HF patients without AF hospitalized in weekends and 57919 HF patients without AF hospitalized in weekdays. There were 21467 and 21467 HF patients with AF admisson in weekends and weekdays, respectively. The outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, CV death (ICD-9-CM 390-459), and heart failure recurrence. Cox proportional hazard regression model was applied to estimate the hazard ratio. Variables found to be statistically significant in a univariable Cox proportional hazard regression model were further examined in a multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model. The cumulative incidence curves were obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method and assessed by the Log-rank test.

HF patients with AF and hospitalized in weekends had the highest incidence rates of rehospitalization due to HF (233.8 per1000 person-years), and CV death (23.9 per 1000 person-years) among four groups. Kaplan-Meier method shows that HF patients with AF had the higher cumulative incidence of HF recurrence than that of patients without AF.

HF patients with AF and hospitalized in weekends are at highest risk of HF recurrence among these four groups.
HF patients with AF and hospitalized in weekends are at highest risk of HF recurrence among these four groups.
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