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Optimum circumstances involving zero-valent iron nanoparticle sits firmly foam request with regard to diesel-contaminated earth removal involving a few main soil types.
This suggests that, for most smokers, dual use is a transitional state leading to switching completely away from cigarettes. Furthermore, dual use is often marked by substantial reductions in cigarette consumption.Objectives In this study, we assessed complete switching away from cigarette smoking among adult smokers who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit (JSK). Methods Adult (age ≥ 21) established smokers (smoked ≥ 100 lifetime cigarettes) who purchased a JSK in 2018 were invited to complete online surveys 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after initial JSK purchase. Point prevalence of switching (no past 30-day smoking) was assessed at each follow-up. Repeated measures logistic regression models evaluated associations of sociodemographic factors, baseline smoking characteristics and time-varying JUUL System ("JUUL") use characteristics and switching across the 12-month period. Results Respondents (N = 17,986) were 55.0% male, 78.3% white, mean age = 32.65 years (SD = 10.81), mean baseline cigarettes/day = 11.10 (SD = 8.16). The proportion self-reporting switching increased over time one-month (27.2%[3718/13,650]), 2-month (36.4%[4926/13,533]), 3-month (41.0%[5434/13,257]), 6-month (46.6%[5411/11,621]), 9-month (49.4%[6017/12,186]), and 12-month (51.2%[6106/11,919]); 33.1% reported switching at both 9-month and 12-month follow-ups. In prospective analyses, smokers with lower cigarette dependence, shorter smoking history, lower cigarette consumption, more frequent JUUL use, greater satisfaction from initial JUUL use, and higher JUUL dependence were significantly more likely to switch. Conclusions Rates of switching with JUUL increased over time. Over 50% of respondents reported complete switching away from cigarettes 12 months following purchase. Greater use of and dependence on JUUL predicted switching.Objectives The Adult JUUL System User Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) study assessed the smoking and JUUL use trajectories of adults who purchased JUUL. In this paper, we describe study methods, characterize the sample, and assesses potential for bias due to loss to follow-up. Methods We entered 55,414 US adults (≥ age 21) who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit for the first time (online or at retail) in 2018 into a naturalistic, longitudinal observational study, irrespective of baseline smoking status. Participants were invited for follow-ups 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months later, focused on assessing past-30-day smoking and JUUL use. Analyses assessed potential bias due to non-response. Results Over 90% of participants had a history of smoking; 62.8% were past-30-day smokers; 23.3% were former smokers. Participants' average age was 30; 75% were white. Most participants (77.6%) completed some follow-ups; 25% completed all follow-ups. Glumetinib in vitro Baseline differences among complete responders (N = 13,729), partial responders (N = 29,252), and complete non-responders (N = 12,433) were small. When recontacted, few 12-month non-responders said their non-response was due to smoking; many reported no past-30-day smoking. Conclusions The study may elucidate smoking trajectories of adult JUUL users. The potential for bias due to loss to follow-up in ADJUSST was limited.Objectives In this paper, we estimate the prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and JUUL brand ENDS use among adults in the US, overall and by smoking history. Methods We obtained 2019 cross-sectional online surveys assessing smoking, use of any ENDS, and JUUL specifically, in a national probability sample of 11,833 US adults. Data were analyzed for young adults (YA; aged 18-24) and older adults (OA; aged 25+). Results Past 30-day ENDS prevalence was 8.0% in YA and 4.7% in OA; equivalent JUUL figures were 3.1% and 1.2%. ENDS/JUUL use was more prevalent among current and former smokers than never smokers, where prevalence was ≤ 2% (YA 2.0%/0.9%; OA 0.9%/0.1%). JUUL use was higher among recent ( 98%) ENDS and JUUL users were current or former smokers, which is relevant to assessment of the population impact of these products.This special issue addresses key topics relating to the public health impact of the use of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS), particularly JUUL-brand ENDS. Smokers smoke for nicotine, but are harmed by the byproducts of combustion. ENDS can play a role in tobacco harm reduction offering a noncombustible alternative source of nicotine for adult smokers who would otherwise continue smoking. Papers presented here estimate the prevalence of ENDS and JUUL use among young and older adults, and document the 12-month smoking trajectories of adults who purchased a JUUL Starter Kit. Overall, smoking prevalence was halved, with most smokers switching completely as dual use declined. This held for subpopulations defined by demographics and psychiatric comorbidity. For those who did not switch, most significantly reduced (50%+) their cigarette consumption. Another study reports that dependence declines as smokers switch from smoking to using JUUL. The public health potential of ENDS is undermined by use of ENDS by nonsmokers, especially underage individuals. Some smoking was reported by adult former and never smokers, with little evidence of persistent smoking, and lower risk of smoking among those using JUUL more frequently. Regarding underage use, one paper reports that technology can ensure age-verification at point of sale. Population modeling integrating impacts on diverse populations indicates that availability of ENDS is expected to avert millions of premature deaths in the US. We believe these papers make a substantial contribution to the field of tobacco science and smoking control.
It has been recognised for a considerable time-period, that viral respiratory infections predispose patients to bacterial infections, and that these co-infections have a worse outcome than either infection on its own. However, it is still unclear what exact roles co-infections and/or superinfections play in patients with COVID-19 infection.

This was an extensive review of the current literature regarding co-infections and superinfections in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The definitions used were those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), which defines coinfection as one occurring concurrently with the initial infection, while superinfections are those infections that follow on a previous infection, especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant, or have become resistant, to the antibiotics used earlier. Some researchers have envisioned three potential scenarios of bacterial/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection; namely, secondary SARS-CoV-2 infection following bacterial infection or colonisation, combined viral/bacterial pneumonia, or secondary bacterial superinfection following SARS-CoV-2.
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