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85 (1.74-1.97); renal failure, HR 1.82 (1.66-2.00); and alcohol dependency diagnosis, HR 1.79 (1.57-2.05). Other comorbidities significantly associated with bleeding events were hypertension, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, liver failure, stroke/TIA, COPD and cancer. CONCLUSION Most of the well-established risk factors were found to be significantly associated with bleeding events in our study. We additionally found that women had a lower incidence of bleeding. Potential biases are selection effects, residual confounding and unmeasured frailty.A novel genetic tool to bypass transgene silencing in alfalfa.Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate has been firmly established as a tool in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of prostate cancer. The growth in this field over the past decade has led to increased acceptance and demand for multiparametric prostate MRI across the world. However, with the rising demand for prostate mpMRI, it will become increasingly necessary to train a generation of dedicated prostate imagers to yield a high-quality product.Aquatic pharmaceutical pollution poses ecotoxicological risks to the environment and human health. Consumer pharmaceutical use and disposal behaviors represent a significant source of pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters, and communication strategies are needed to promote pro-environmental behaviors to reduce pharmaceutical pollution. Designing effective risk communication campaigns requires an understanding of public perceptions of aquatic pharmaceutical pollution. The purpose of this mixed-methods pilot study was to test the efficacy of using theories from cognitive linguistics and psychology (conceptual metaphor theory and construal level theory of psychological distance, respectively) in using metaphors in pharmaceutical pollution risk communication. Our methods included a randomized cross-over design in which a convenience sample of university students (n = 20) viewed visual representations of pharmaceutical pollution risks (metaphor based and non-metaphor). selleck chemicals llc We used cognitive interviewing methods to assess metaphor use on participants understanding of pharmaceutical pollution risk, concern about this risk, and willingness to act. Results indicate that participants preferred the metaphorically-framed visual, and that the use of metaphor significantly reduced participants' perceived social and geographic distance of pharmaceutical pollution risk, suggesting a relationship between metaphoric framing and psychological distance warranting additional research. Theoretical and practical implications of metaphor use in risk communications are discussed.The integrity of freshwater ecosystems worldwide is under threat from agriculture and invasive species. Past agricultural activity can have persistent effects on aquatic diversity even decades after restoration, and the spread of invasive species is increasingly difficult to prevent due to globalisation. In the South Island of New Zealand, the invasive diatom Didymosphenia geminata (Didymo) causes nuisance blooms in streams. The impact of Didymo on stream invertebrate communities in upland streams with natural flow regimes remains poorly understood. We investigated the relationships between legacy effects of agriculture, Didymo and benthic invertebrate communities at 55 stream sites in Mahu Whenua, a 530 km2 conservation area comprising four former New Zealand high-country farms. The farms were destocked of sheep 4-9 years before stream sampling started. Kick-netting was used to collect macroinvertebrates from 7-23 streams within each farm to provide a land-use legacy gradient. Moreover, samples from 16 sites with clearly visible Didymo mats covering most of the stream bed (indicating high biomass and a dominant role in the biofilm) were compared with 39 sites without such Didymo mats. Total invertebrate taxon richness and EPT richness (taxon richness of larval mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies) were lower in the stream catchments destocked most recently. When Didymo was present, relative EPT abundance was lower than when Didymo was absent, and Deleatidium mayflies decreased whereas midges and oligochaetes increased. These results highlight the need to look at past land-use practices when restoring high-country streams after agricultural impacts. They also show that Didymo can have negative effects on invertebrate communities in upland streams with natural flow regimes, a stream type previously overlooked in studies on this invasive diatom.Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are heterogeneous cancers associated with poor prognosis due to high rates of local recurrence and metastasis. The programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed in several cancers. PD-L1 interacts with its receptor, PD-1, on the surface of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), thereby attenuating anti-cancer immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting this interaction have been established as effective anti-cancer drugs. However, studies on the PD-L1 and PD-1 expression status in STS are commonly limited by small sample size, analysis of single STS subtypes, or lack of combinatorial marker assessment. To overcome these limitations, we evaluated the expression patterns of intratumoral PD-L1, the number of TILs, their PD-1 expression, and associations with clinicopathological parameters in a large and comprehensive cohort of 225 samples comprising six STS subtypes. We found that nearly all STS subtypes showed PD-L1 expression on the tumor cells, albeit with a broad range of positivity across subtypes (50% angiosarcomas to 3% synovial sarcomas). Co-expression and correlation analyses uncovered that PD-L1 expression was associated with more PD-1-positive TILs (P  less then  0.001), higher tumor grading (P = 0.016), and worse patients' 5-year overall survival (P = 0.028). The results were in line with several publications on single STS subtypes, especially when comparing findings for STS with low and high mutational burden. In sum, the substantial portion of PD-L1 positivity, the co-occurrence of PD-1-positive TILs, and the association of PD-L1 with unfavorable clinical outcome provide rationales for immune checkpoint inhibition in patients with PD-L1-positive STS.
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