Notes

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Low oesophageal temperatures (OTs) during cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) have been associated with complications. This study assessed the incidence of low OT in clinical practice during cryoballoon PVI and verified possible predictive values for low OT.

Consecutive patients who underwent PVI using the second-generation cryoballoon were retrospectively included. The distance from the oesophagus to the different pulmonary veins (PVs) (OP distance), body mass index (BMI), sex, age, balloon temperature and application time were studied as potential predictors of low OTs. Computed tomography was performed before the procedure to determine the OP distance. OT was measured using an oesophageal temperature probe. Applications were ended prematurely if the OT reached <16 °C. Low and ultralow OT were defined as OT <20 and <16 °C respectively.

Two hundred and four patients were included. Low OT was observed in 54patients (26%) and 27patients (13%) reached ultralow OTs. OP distance was the only predictor of low OTs after multivariate analysis. Acut-off value of 19 mm showed 96.2% sensitivity and 37.8% specificity in predicting low OTs. No clinically relevant relation was found between low OTs and BMI, age, sex, balloon temperature or application duration.

The incidence of low OT was 26% for cryoballoon PVI. OP distance was the only predictor of low OTs. Since an OP distance <19 mm was present in all patients in at least one PV, we recommend routine OT measurement during PVI cryoballoon therapy to prevent oesophagus-related complications.
The incidence of low OT was 26% for cryoballoon PVI. OP distance was the only predictor of low OTs. Since an OP distance less then 19 mm was present in all patients in at least one PV, we recommend routine OT measurement during PVI cryoballoon therapy to prevent oesophagus-related complications.Precise gene editing of model organisms is required for accurately modeling human diseases and deciphering gene functions. In this study, we used a pair of guide RNAs (sgRNAs), which in vitro transcribed along with other CRISPR RNA components, to generate two cleavage sites flanking pig GJB2 (pGJB2) CDS. By using long single-stranded DNAs (lssDNA) as homology-directed repair (HDR) templates, we efficiently obtained two gene-edited pigs, of which GJB2 CDS replaced with CDSs containing human GJB2 c.235delC mutation and orthologous human p.V37I mutation, respectively. These mutations were commonly observed in patients with hearing loss. Genetic analysis of the two gene-edited pigs showed that the HDR-derived gene-editing efficiency were as high as 80% (4/5) and 50% (2/4), respectively. While no mutation was observed in the group of single cutting with one sgRNA covering the 235th nucleotide C in pGJB2 CDS, using a short single-stranded oligo DNA containing c.235delC mutation as HDR template. Extra experiments proved that the intended mutations were successfully transmitted to offspring or extensively integrated into various tissues including gonad of founder pigs. Our work indicated that the new "double cutting with lssDNA template" gene editing method can expand sgRNA selection scope and avoids direct cutting of gene CDS. Additionally, can introduce precise mutations into mammalian genomic sites, especially those with unavailable proper protospacer sequence or being resistant to gene editing. Moreover, this method can be performed with CRISPR RNA reagents instead of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins applied in previous reports.The feats of arthropods, and of the well-studied insects and crustaceans in particular, have fascinated scientists and laymen alike for centuries. Arthropods show a diverse repertoire of cognitive feats, of often unexpected sophistication. Despite their smaller brains and resulting lower neuronal capacity, the cognitive abilities of arthropods are comparable to, or may even exceed, those of vertebrates, depending on the species compared. Selleckchem ITD-1 Miniature brains often provide parsimonious but smart solutions for complex behaviours or ecologically relevant problems. This makes arthropods inspiring subjects for basic research, bionics, and robotics. Investigations of arthropod spatial cognition have originally concentrated on the honeybee, an animal domesticated for several thousand years. Bees are easy to keep and handle, making this species amenable to experimental study. However, there are an estimated 5-10 million arthropod species worldwide, with a broad diversity of lifestyles, ecology, and cognitive abilities. This high diversity provides ample opportunity for comparative analyses. Comparative study, rather than focusing on single model species, is well suited to scrutinise the link between ecological niche, lifestyle, and cognitive competence. It also allows the discovery of general concepts that are transferable between distantly related groups of organisms. With species diversity and a comparative approach in mind, this special issue compiles four review articles and ten original research reports from a spectrum of arthropod species. These contributions range from the well-studied hymenopterans, and ants in particular, to chelicerates and crustaceans. They thus present a broad spectrum of glimpses into current research on arthropod spatial cognition, and together they cogently emphasise the merits of research into arthropod cognitive achievements.
Depression and mood disorders impact a significant number of our population. The purpose of this review was to investigate the current literature on dietary strategies or supplements that may impact mood and cognition.

Several recent studies and reviews have found that promoting a "healthy" diet may help improve depressive symptoms, and that such interventions are cost-effective. Other reviews have found that there may be some benefit to multiple dietary interventions/supplementations on a variety of mood disorders. While these studies offer a safe, cost-effective option, the quality of evidence is poor. Regardless, promoting a healthy diet including healthy fats, whole grains, and a variety of fruits and vegetables promotes not only mental health, but also a variety of other chronic conditions. Thus, while not ready as standalone therapy, dietary counseling/intervention should be included as we address mental health concerns of our patients.
Several recent studies and reviews have found that promoting a "healthy" diet may help improve depressive symptoms, and that such interventions are cost-effective.
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