Notes

Plasmon Direction throughout DNA-Assembled Gold Nanoclusters.
Besides, various potential B-cell (continuous and conformational), MHC-binding and CTL epitopes were predicted for
CDPK3 protein.

This article provides a foundation for further investigations, and laid a theoretical basis for the development of an appropriate vaccine against
infection.
This article provides a foundation for further investigations, and laid a theoretical basis for the development of an appropriate vaccine against T. gondii infection.
The report of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Korea has continued since 1994, and the most frequently reported cases of AEFI of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) is bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Meanwhile, various inoculation methods and strains have been used in the past 6 years in Korea. Therefore, we investigated AEFI of BCG by strain types and inoculation methods using immunization safety surveillance of KCDC.

We reviewed BCG AEFIs registered in the KCDC from January 2013 to June 2018.

There were 336 AEFI cases during the period, and average time interval from vaccination to symptom onset was within 2 months. AEFI proportion was 6.4 cases per 100,000 doses for BCG percutaneous Tokyo strain, 41.6 cases per 100,000 doses of BCG intradermal Danish strain, and 25.9 cases per 100,000 doses of BCG intradermal Tokyo strain. Intradermal type was more reported AEFI than percutaneous type in the same strain. The most common adverse events were local reaction like BCG lymphadenitis and severe adverse reactions such as osteomyelitis or disseminated BCG disease were 0.1 to 0.2 cases per 100,000 doses which are correlated with the range of World Health Organization published AEFI rates.

The AEFI reporting rate does not equal the actual proportion of AEFI occurrence. Because AEFI monitoring is a passive surveillance system, various factors might influence the number of events reported. Nevertheless, it is important to analyze BCG AEFI by vaccine strains and inoculation method using surveillance data of KCDC.
The AEFI reporting rate does not equal the actual proportion of AEFI occurrence. Because AEFI monitoring is a passive surveillance system, various factors might influence the number of events reported. Nevertheless, it is important to analyze BCG AEFI by vaccine strains and inoculation method using surveillance data of KCDC.
In this study, we investigated whether the antigenic changes of the virus-like particles (VLPs) are affected by the temperature during storage.

After exposing the recombinant influenza VLPs to various temperatures for a period, antigenic changes were examined through
hemagglutination receptor binding assay and
mouse experiments.

Influenza VLPs were exposed at three different temperatures of low, middle, and high on a thermo-hygrostat. High temperature exposed influenza VLPs were showed significantly reduced HA activity and immunogenicity after mouse single immunization over time compared low and middle. When the VLPs exposed to the high temperature were inoculated once in the mice, it was found that the immunogenicity was significantly reduced compared to the VLPs exposed to the low temperature. However, these differences were almost neglected when mice were inoculated twice even with VLPs exposed to high temperatures.

This study suggests that similar protective effects can be expected by controlling the number of vaccination and storage conditions, although the antigenic change in the VLP vaccines occurred when exposed to high temperature.
This study suggests that similar protective effects can be expected by controlling the number of vaccination and storage conditions, although the antigenic change in the VLP vaccines occurred when exposed to high temperature.
Bovine respiratory disease is a worldwide health concern in the feedlot cattle causing morbidity and mortality in young with major economic losses to the producer. Programs of vaccination are integral parts of preventive health programs. We aim to prepare and evaluate lyophilized combined inactivated viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV] genotypes 1 and 2, bovine herpes virus type 1.1 [BoHV-1.1], bovine parainfluenza-3 virus [BPI-3V], and bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV]) vaccine using saponin as a solvent and adjuvant in cattle.

Lyophilized Pneumo-5 vaccine was formulated to include the inactivated BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV. selleck products The saponin solution was used as an adjuvant and solvent. The prepared vaccines were adjusted to contain 1- and 1.5-mg saponin/dose. It was evaluated for its sterility, safety, and potency in mice and calves. The antibody titers in vaccinated calves were measured by virus neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The Pneumo-5 vaccine was found to be free from any contaminants and safe in mice. Meanwhile, the vaccine showed safety in calves which inoculated intramuscularly with the double dose of the vaccines. The overall immune response reached its peak in the 2nd-month post-vaccination. The vaccine contained saponin 1.5 mg/dose reached its antibodies peak in the 4th-week post-vaccination. All groups of vaccinated calves with both concentrations of the saponin did not show statistical significance in antibody titers measured by serum neutralization test and/or ELISA.

The prepared vaccine, namely Pneumo-5, and adjuvanted with either 1 or 1.5 mg/dose saponin was proved safe and potent for effectual protection of calves against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV.
The prepared vaccine, namely Pneumo-5, and adjuvanted with either 1 or 1.5 mg/dose saponin was proved safe and potent for effectual protection of calves against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV.
The
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically significant disease that affects mainly wild and domestic ruminants. BTV is most often seen symptomatically in sheep, but is easily carried by goats, cattle, and wild ruminants. To date there are several problems with the vaccines currently available for BTV, and one of the most promising candidates to increase vaccine efficacy is a protein-based vaccine, for which viral protein 7 (VP7) is a great candidate to be included in it. In order to further these studies, the stability of BTV VP7 in common vaccine additives needs to be investigated.

Recombinant BTV VP7 was expressed in a bacterial cell system and purified before being analysed using spectroscopic techniques including far-ultraviolet (UV) circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. BTV was analysed in a number of different buffer conditions.

We report here that BTV VP7 maintains its native secondary structure until at least 52℃ and native-like tertiary structure to at least 80℃. Far-UV circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence emission spectra indicate significant secondary and tertiary structure remaining even at 90℃, respectively.
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