Notes

TaIAA21 represses TaARF25-mediated expression involving TaERFs necessary for feed size rise in wheat.
The direct Cr(VI) reduction process by oxalic acid was conducted. The existence of Cr(VI) in the reaction medium was measured by software Visual MINTEQ and the concentration of Cr(VI) was measured by ICP-OES. The results showed that the Cr(VI) was efficiently reduced by oxalic acid at high reaction temperature and high dosage of oxalic acid. The reduced product, Cr(III), was easily generated stable complex compounds (Cr(HC2O4)3) with oxalate, which displayed a negative effect on the reduction process. The high reaction temperature and high acidic medium could destroy the stable structure of a complex compound to release oxalate, and facilitate the reduction of Cr(VI). Generally, the results showed in this paper provided a versatile strategy for Cr(VI) reduction and exhibited a bright application future for real wastewater treatment.In everyday life we are constantly updating our moral judgements as we learn new information. However, this judgement updating process has not been systematically studied. We investigated how people update their moral judgements of fairness-related actions of others after receiving contextual information regarding the deservingness of the action recipient. Participants (N = 313) observed a virtual 'Decision-maker' share a portion of $10 with a virtual 'Receiver'. Participants were aware that the Decision-maker made these choices knowing the Receiver's previous offer to another person. Participants first made a context-absent judgement of the Decision-maker's offer to the Receiver, and then a subsequent context-present judgement of the same offer after learning the Receiver's previous offer. This sequence was repeated for varying dollar values of Decision-makers' and Receivers' offers. Patterns of judgements varied across individuals and were interpretable in relation to moral norms. Most participants flexibly switched from relying on context-independent norms (generosity, equality) to related, context-dependent norms (relative generosity, indirect reciprocity) as they integrated contextual information. Judgement of low offers varied across individuals, with a substantial minority of participants withholding their context-absent judgements of selfishness, and another minority that was lenient towards selfishness across both judgements. Our paradigm provides a novel framework for investigating how moral judgements evolve in real time as people learn more information about a given situation.Climate change has already altered the environmental conditions of the world's oceans. Here we report declines in gastropod abundances and recruitment of mussels (Mytilus edulis) and barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides) over the last two decades that are correlated with changes in temperature and ocean conditions. Mussel recruitment is declining by 15.7% per year, barnacle recruitment by 5.0% per year, and abundances of three common gastropods are declining by an average of 3.1% per year (Testudinalia testudinalis, Littorina littorea, and Nucella lapillus). The declines in mussels and the common periwinkle (L. littorea) are correlated with warming sea temperatures and the declines in T. testudinalis and N. lapillus are correlated with aragonite saturation state, which affects rates of shell calcification. These species are common on shores throughout the North Atlantic and their loss is likely to lead to simplification of an important food web on rocky shores.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.Echinocandins, including caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin, are first-line antifungal agents for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. They exhibit fungicidal activity by inhibiting the synthesis of β-1,3-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. However, they are active only against proliferating fungal cells and unable to completely eradicate fungal cells even after a 24 h drug exposure in standard time-kill assays. Surprisingly, we found that caspofungin, when dissolved in low ionic solutions, had rapid and potent antimicrobial activities against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida and bacteria cells even in non-growth conditions. This effect was not observed in 0.9% NaCl or other ion-containing solutions and was not exerted by other echinocandins. Furthermore, caspofungin dissolved in low ionic solutions drastically reduced mature biofilm cells of MDR Candida auris in only 5 min, as well as Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms in a catheter-lock therapy model. Caspofungin displayed ion concentration-dependent conformational changes and intracellular accumulation with increased reactive oxygen species production, indicating a novel mechanism of action in low ionic conditions. Importantly, caspofungin dissolved in 5% glucose water did not exhibit increased toxicity to human cells. This study facilitates the development of new therapeutic strategies in the management of catheter-related biofilm infections.Plastic pollution is considered one of today's major environmental problems. Current land-based monitoring programs typically rely on beach litter data and seldom include plastic pollution further inland. We initiated a citizen science project known as the Mass Experiment inviting schools throughout The Danish Realm (Denmark, Greenland and the Faeroe Islands) to collect litter samples of and document plastic pollution in 8 different nature types. In total approximately 57,000 students (6-19 years) collected 374,082 plastic items in 94 out of 98 Danish municipalities over three weeks during fall 2019. The Mass Experiment was the first scientific survey of plastic litter to cover an entire country. Here we show how citizen science, conducted by students, can be used to fill important knowledge gaps in plastic pollution research, increase public awareness, establish large scale clean-up activities and subsequently provide information to political decision-makers aiming for a more sustainable future.This study aimed at understanding the diabetic prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates and their influencing factors among people aged ≥ 40 years in Shenyang, China. A face-to-face cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted on the respondents using the national unified questionnaire. A total of 3922 respondents were enrolled, including 609 cases of diabetes. The diabetic prevalence rate was 15.5%, and was higher in rural areas than that in urban areas (17.7% vs. Idasanutlin MDMX inhibitor 14.2%, p = 0.004), while no difference was observed between men and women (14.8% vs. 16.1%, p = 0.242). Advanced age, hypertension and dyslipidemia were the diabetes influencing factors. Among the 609 respondents with diabetes, the diabetic awareness and treatment rates, and the control rate of fasting plasma glucose were 82.3%, 36.6% and 17.1%, respectively. In different age groups, the diabetic awareness rate was higher in men than that in women, and the treatment rate was higher in women than that in men. The diabetic patients, who consumed fruit for ≥ 5 days a week, accounted for 16.
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