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PURPOSE Fingertip defect is more common in emergency hand trauma in the hospital, and most of them are accompanied by defects of the phalanx and nail bed. There are many methods in clinic for the repair of Yamano zone I fingertip injury. This article reports the repair of this type of injury using a lateral flap based on the distal transverse arch of the digital artery. METHODS From January 2015 to May 2018, the flap was used in 32 digits of 32 patients who had a fingertip injury. There were 23 men and 9 women with a mean age of 37.6 years. The injured fingers requiring reconstruction included 6 thumb, 11 index fingers, 9 middle fingers, 4 ring fingers, and 2 little fingers. Soft tissue defect range from 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm to 2.5 cm × 2.1 cm. The time of injury to emergency surgery was 1 to 7.5 hours, with a mean time of 3.2 hours. Fingertip reconstruction was performed using a lateral flap based on the distal transverse arch of the digital artery. RESULTS All flaps survived completely after 1 to 1.5 years of follow-up, without evidence of postoperative insufficiency of blood supply or venous congestion. Healing of all donor sites was uncomplicated. No infectious complications were observed. The range of motion of the 32 fingers was excellent; For sweating, 17 fingers were excellent, 10 were good, and 5 were fair (poor sweating was found in the grafting site of the finger). The mean static 2-point discrimination scores on the reconstructed pulp were 5.2 mm (range, 3-9 mm). According to the Cold Intolerance Severity Score, 28 patients reported no cold intolerance, 3 reported mild cold intolerance, and 1 reported moderate cold intolerance. buy VB124 On the basis of the visual analog scale, 30 patients had no pain, 1 reported mild pain, and 1 experienced moderate pain. Positive Tinel sign was found in only 1 reconstructed finger. CONCLUSION It is a new surgical technique that provides good shape and sensory function to the fingers and is simple to operate.BACKGROUND Trauma can cause large defects in the weight-bearing foot sole. The reconstruction of such defects poses a major challenge in providing a flap that is durable, sensate, and stable. The pedicled medial plantar flap has been commonly used for reconstructing heel and plantar forefoot defects; however, the ipsilateral instep region is usually compromised by trauma. The purpose of this article was to report the use of contralateral free medial plantar flaps for the coverage of weight-bearing plantar defects and to compare these with distant free flaps. METHODS Between 2005 and 2019, 15 patients (10 men and 5 women) with weight-bearing foot plantar defects were treated with a contralateral medial plantar flap, 11 (7 men and 4 women) with either a latissimus dorsi flap or a scapular flap. The average age was 18.07 ± 10.14 years (range, 4-34 years) and 26.55 ± 13.05 years (range, 13-56 years), respectively. Surgery was performed as a primary or secondary reconstruction after a trauma by the same surgical tne loss.BACKGROUND Femoral nerve palsy can cause loss in quadriceps function and knee extension disability, which may lead to severe lower extremity impairment. The obturator nerve trunk transfer in the pelvic, the obturator nerve mortal branches transfer out of the pelvic, along with nerve graft, was introduced years ago to restore femoral nerve function. However, the outcomes of these procedures have never been compared. The aims of this study were to give our experiences in surgical reconstruction for femoral nerve injury and to compare the outcomes of different approaches. METHODS Nine patients with complete femoral nerve injury have been enrolled in this study between March 2012 and July 2016. All patients were followed up for at least 2 years after surgical intervention for sural nerve graft (n = 3), obturator trunk transfer in the pelvic (n = 2), or obturator nerve mortal branches transfer out of the pelvic (n = 4). RESULTS All patients gained satisfactory quadriceps Medical Research Council grade (M3-M4+) after more than 2 years of follow-up. The sural nerve graft led to the earliest recovery on average, followed by obturator nerve mortal branches transfer in the thigh level and then obturator nerve trunk transfer in the pelvic. The functional outcomes, demonstrated by Lower Extremity Functional Scale and Femoral Nerve Motor Function Scale scores, also showed that the sural nerve graft was the best on average, followed by obturator nerve trunk transfer in the pelvic and then obturator nerve mortal branches transfer in the thigh level. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that all these 3 procedures are safe and reliable ways to reconstruct femoral nerve function and can be applied to patients with different kinds of injuries. The sural nerve graft should be considered in the first place and the obturator nerve transfer at different level (trunk transfer in the pelvic or mortal branches transfer out of the pelvic) can be performed as the alternative.Mismatch repair deficiency (MMRD) is involved in the initiation of both hereditary and sporadic tumors. MMRD has been extensively studied in colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer, but not so in other tumors, such as ovarian carcinoma. We have determined the expression of mismatch repair proteins in a large cohort of 502 early-stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma entailing all the 5 main subtypes high-grade serous carcinoma, endometrioid ovarian carcinoma (EOC), clear cell carcinoma (CCC), mucinous carcinoma, and low-grade serous carcinoma. We studied the association of MMRD with clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in EOC, the histologic type in which MMRD is most frequent. In addition, MLH1 promoter methylation status and massive parallel sequencing were used to evaluate the proportion of sporadic and Lynch syndrome-associated tumors, and the most frequently mutated genes in MMRD EOCs. MMRD occurred only in endometriosis-associated histologic types, and it was much more frequent in EOC (18%) than in CCC (2%). The most frequent immunohistochemical pattern was loss of MLH1/PMS2, and in this group, 80% of the cases were sporadic and secondary to MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. The presence of somatic mutations in mismatch repair genes was the other mechanism of MMRD in sporadic tumors. In this series, the minimum estimated frequency of Lynch syndrome was 35% and it was due to germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. ARID1A, PTEN, KTM2B, and PIK3CA were the most common mutated genes in this series. Interestingly, possible actionable mutations in ERRB2 were found in 5 tumors, but no TP53 mutations were detected. MMRD was associated with younger age and increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Universal screening in EOC and mixed EOC/CCC is recommended for the high frequency of MMRD detected; however, for CCC, additional clinical and pathologic criteria should be evaluated to help select cases for analysis.
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