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In CHR individuals compared to HC, hippocampal response to novel stimuli was significantly attenuated (P = .041 family-wise error corrected). Dynamic Causal Modelling revealed that stimulus novelty modulated effective connectivity from the hippocampus to the striatum, and from the midbrain to the hippocampus, significantly more in CHR participants than in HC. Conversely, stimulus novelty modulated connectivity from the midbrain to the striatum significantly less in CHR participants than in HC, and less in CHR participants who subsequently developed psychosis than in CHR individuals who did not become psychotic. Our findings are consistent with preclinical evidence implicating hippocampal-striatal-midbrain circuit dysfunction in altered salience processing and the onset of psychosis. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] is caused by a gram negative obligate intracellular bacterium of the genus Anaplasma with the pathogen having zoonotic impact. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anaplasmosis in Pakistan, to unravel the association of potential risk factors and to investigate the effect on hematological parameters in affected small ruminants. A total of 150 (n = 75 sheep; n = 75 goats) blood samples were initially screened microscopically and then subjected to PCR targeting the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene fragment of Anaplasma . The PCR based positive samples were then processed for sequencing. Statistical analysis regarding risk factors was performed using R software. The study revealed an overall 29.33% (44/150) prevalence of anaplasmosis in small ruminants. Sheep had higher ( p > 0.05) prevalence (32%) as compared to goats (25.30%). The final statistical model resulted from backwards elimination showed only tick infestation as the significant predictor of infection status. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma spp. revealed 9 study isolates clustered together and showed a close resemblance (99%) with Anaplsma ovis isolate (DQ837600) from Hungary. One of the isolates showed (99%) similarity with the isolate of Anaplasma marginale (MH155594) from Iraq. Furthermore, the hematological parameters pack cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBCs), granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelet count were decreased in Anaplasma positive animals. This is the first study at the molecular level to characterize Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants of Pakistan and it will therefore be useful in developing control strategies for anaplasmosis.Thelohanellus magnacysta n. sp. (Bivalvulida Myxobolidae) infects the skeletal muscle of blacktail shiner, Cyprinella venusta Girard, 1856 (Cypriniformes Cyprinidae) in Bull Creek, Chattahoochee River Basin, eastern Georgia. Although numerous members of Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933 have overlapping myxospore dimensions with the new species, it differs from all nominal congeners by polar filament coil number and polar capsule width as well as by lacking a mucous envelope, iodinophilic vacuole, and sutural markings. Using novel primers for Myxozoa, a phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) suggests that the new species shares a recent common ancestor with a clade of cyprinid-infecting species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Bivalvulida Myxobolidae) and Thelohanellus . In addition, and consistent with other published research concerning the systematics of Thelohanellus , this result suggested that Thelohanellus and Myxobolus are polyphyletic and need revision. Histological sections of infected blacktail shiners confirmed that myxospores were only found within a plasmodium and only infected skeletal muscle and that plasmodia were encapsulated by a granuloma comprising varying degrees of acute granulomatous inflammation. The new species is the fourth of Thelohanellus reported from North America and first reported from Cyprinella as well as the first myxozoan described from the blacktail shiner.Narcolepsy Type 1 is hypothesized to be an autoimmune disease targeting the hypocretin/orexin neurons in hypothalaus. Ample genetic and epidemiological evidence points in the direction of a pathogenesis involving the immune system, but this is not considered proof of autoimmunity. Infact, it remains a matter of debate how to prove that a given disease is indeed an autoimmune disease. In this review, a set of commonly used criteria for autoimmunity is described and applied to Narcolepsy Type 1. In favor of the autoimmune hypothesis are data showing that in Narcolepsy Type 1 a specific adaptive immune response is directed to hypocretin/orexin neurons. Autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies have been detected in blood samples from patient, but it remains to be seen if they are in fact present in the hypothalamus. It is also unclear if these autoreactive T cells and/or autoantibodies can transfer the disease to healthy individuals or animals or if immunization with the proposed autoantigens can induce the disease in animal models. Most importantly, it is still controversial whether suppression of the autoimmune response can prevent disease progression. In conclusion, Narcolepsy Type 1 does still not fully meet the criteria for being classified as a genuine autoimmune disease, but more and more results are pointing in that direction. © Sleep Research Society 2020. selleck compound Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] OBJECTIVES Daytime naps can confer benefits on subsequent declarative learning, but the physiological correlates of this improvement are less well studied. We examined learning following a daytime nap compared to an equivalent waking period using fMRI and polysomnography (PSG). METHODS Forty healthy young adults who slept normally the previous night encoded word pair lists in an MRI scanner at 1PM and 4.30PM. Between sessions, participants either stayed awake and watched a documentary (Wake Group; N=20) or had a 90-min nap opportunity (Nap Group; N=20) monitored by PSG. Approximately 40-min after completing each encoding session, memory for learned words was assessed using cued-recall. RESULTS A significant Session x Group interaction effect (p less then 0.001) was observed in which memory was significantly improved in the Nap but not in the Wake group (p less then 0.001). There was also a Session x Run x Group interaction effect in the left hippocampus (p=0.001), whereby activation during word-pair encoding increased only following the nap.
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