Notes

De novo biosynthesis of tyrosol acetate as well as hydroxytyrosol acetate from sugar throughout engineered Escherichia coli.
Objective and design Oral mucositis (OM) is an intense inflammatory reaction progressing to tissue damage and ulceration. The medicinal uses of Calotropis procera are supported by anti-inflammatory capacity. PII-IAA, a highly homogenous cocktail of laticifer proteins (LP) prepared from the latex of C. procera, with recognized pharmacological properties was tested to treat OM. Materials and subjects Male Golden Sirius hamsters were used in all treatments. Treatment The latex protein samples were injected i.p. (5 mg/Kg) 24 h before mucositis induction (mechanical trauma) and 24 h later. Methods Histology, cytokine measurements [ELISA], and macroscopic evaluation [scores] were performed. Results PII-IAA eliminated OM, accompanied by total disappearance of myeloperoxidase activity and release of IL-1b, as well as reduced TNF-a. Oxidative stress was relieved by PII-IAA treatment, as revealed by MDA and GSH measurements. PII-IAA also reduced the expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) and Iba-1, two important markers of inflammation, indicating modulatory effects. Histological analyses of the cheek epithelium revealed greater deposition of type I collagen fibers in animals given PII-IAA compared with the control group. This performance was only reached when LPPII was treated with iodoacetamide (IAA), an irreversible inhibitor of proteolytic activity of cysteine proteases. The endogenous proteolytic activity of LPPII induced adverse effects in animals. Candidate proteins involved in the phytomodulatory activity are proposed. Conclusions Therapy was successful in treating OM with the laticifer protein fraction, containing peptidases and osmotin, from Calotropis procera. The effective candidate from the latex proteins for therapeutic use is PII-IAA.Objective and design The purpose of the review was to gather information on the role and possibilities of using lipoxin in the treatment of infertility and maintaining a normal pregnancy. Ovulation, menstruation, embryo implantation, and childbirth are reactions representing short-term inflammatory events involving lipoxin activities. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an arachidonic acid metabolite, and in cooperation with its positional isomer lipoxin B4 (LXB4), it is a major lipoxin in mammals. Biosynthesis process occurs in two stages in the first step, the donor cell releases the eicosanoid intermediate; secondarily, the acceptor cell gets and converts the intermediate product into LXA4 (leukocyte/platelet interaction). Results Generating lipoxin synthesis may also be triggered by salicylic acid, which acetylates cyclooxygenase-2. Lipoxin A4 and its analogues are considered as specialized pro-resolving mediators. LXA4 is an important component for a proper menstrual cycle, embryo implantation, pregnancy, and delivery.ion, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm labor. Conclusions Although no human studies have been performed so far, the cell and animal model study results suggest that LXA4 will be used in obstetrics and gynecology soon.The anaerobic biodegradation of phenol has been realised in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) under anaerobic conditions with phenol as sole carbon and energy source and with glucose as co-substrate. Selleck EPZ005687 A step-change increase of phenol loading (from 100 up to 2000 mg/L of phenol concentration in the feed solution) has been applied during the acclimation phase in order to progressively induce the development of a specialised microbial consortium. This approach, combined with the dynamic sequence of operations characterising SBRs and with the high biomass retention time, led to satisfactory phenol and COD removal efficiencies with values > 70% for the highest phenol input (2000 mg/L) fed as the single carbon and energy source. Analysis of removal efficiencies and biodegradation rates suggested that the use of glucose as co-substrate did not induce a significant improvement in process performance. Kinetic tests have been performed at different initial phenol (400-1000 mg/L) and glucose (1880-0 mg/L) concentrations to kinetically characterise the developed biomass estimated kinetic constants are suitable for application and no inhibitory effect due to high concentrations of phenol has been observed in all investigated conditions. The microbial community has been characterised at different operating conditions through molecular tools results confirm the successful adaptation-operation approach of the microbial consortium showing a gradual increase in richness and diversity and the occurrence and selection of a high proportion of phenol-degrading genera at the end of the experimentation.Key Points• Anaerobic phenol removal in the range of 70-99% in a sequencing batch reactor.• Negligible effect of co-substrate on removal efficiencies and biodegradation rates.• No biomass inhibition due to phenol concentration in the range of 400-1000 mg/L.• Increasing phenol loads promoted the culture enrichment of phenol-degrading genera.The emergence of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) resistant to existing antimicrobial drugs is a growing health crisis. To decrease the overuse of antibiotics, molecular diagnostic systems that can rapidly determine the presence of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in LABs from yogurt samples are needed. This paper describes a fully integrated, miniaturized plastic chip and closed-tube detection chemistry that performs multiplex nucleic acid amplification. High-throughput identification of AR genes was achieved through this approach, and six AR genes were analyzed simultaneously in less then 2 h. This time-to-result included the time required for the extraction of DNA. The detection limit of the chip was 103 CFU mL-1, which was consistent with that of tube LAMP. We detected and identified multiple DNAs, including streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin resistance-associated genes, with complete concordance to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.Key Points• A miniaturized chip was presented, and multiplex nucleic acid amplification was performed.• The device can be integrated with LAMP for rapid detection of antibiotic resistance genes.• The approach had a high throughput of AR gene analysis in lactic acid bacteria.
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