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These data suggest that PKSs are likely involved in polyketide synthesis and potentially in CTX synthesis in this dinoflagellate species. Our study provides the candidate biomarkers for the detection of CTXs or CFP in waters or any other organisms as well as a valuable genomic resource for the research on Gambierdiscus and other dinoflagellates. The Ames test is one of the most widely used mutagenicity tests. It employs histidine auxotrophic bacteria, which can mutate back to histidine prototrophy and, thus, grow on a histidine deficient medium. These mutants develop predominantly after adding a mutagenic compound during an initial growth phase on 1 mg/L histidine. In the established test systems, an endpoint determination is performed to determine the relative number of mutants. An alternative Ames test, the Ames RAMOS test, has been developed, which enables the online detection of mutagenicity by monitoring respiration activity. The reproducibility of the newly developed test system was investigated. A strong dependence of the test results on the inoculum volume transferred from the preculture was found. The more inoculum was needed to reach the required initial OD, the more mutagenic a positive control was evaluated. This effect was attributed to the histidine transfer from the preculture to the original Ames RAMOS test. The same problem is evident in the Ames fluctuation test. High reproducibility of the Ames RAMOS test could be achieved by performing the preculture on minimal medium with a defined histidine concentration and termination after histidine depletion. By using 5 mg/L initial histidine within the minimal medium, a higher separation efficiency between negative control and mutagenic samples could be achieved. This separation efficiency could be further increased by lowering the cultivation temperature from 37 to 30 °C, i.e. lowering the maximum growth rate. The optimized Ames RAMOS test was then transferred into a 48-well microtiter plate format (μRAMOS) for obtaining a high throughput test. The online detection of mutagenicity leads to a reduction of working time in the laboratory. Due to the optimization of reproducibility and the increase in separation efficiency, a sound mutagenicity evaluation, even of weak mutagenic compounds, can be achieved. Hydrothermal carbonization represents a promising technique for transforming microalgae into the hydrochar with abundant phytoavailable nutrients. However, the effects of microalgae-derived hydrochars on the gaseous nitrogen (N) loss from agricultural field are still unclear. Chlorella vulgaris powder (CVP) and two Chlorella vulgaris-derived hydrochars that employ water (CVHW) or citrate acid solution (CVHCA) as the reaction medium were applied to a soil column system grown with rice. selleck kinase inhibitor The temporal variations of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and ammonia (NH3) volatilization were monitored during the whole rice-growing season. Results showed that CVHW and CVHCA addition significantly increased the grain yield (by 13.5-26.8% and 10.5-23.4%) compared with control and CVP group, while concomitantly increasing the ammonia volatilization (by 53.8% and 72.9%) as well as N2O emissions (by 2.17- and 2.82-fold) from paddy soil compared to control. The microbial functional genes (AOA, AOB, nirk, nirS, nosZ) in soil indicated that CVHW and CVHCA treatment stimulated the nitrification and denitrification, and inhibited the N2O oxidation in soil. Notably, CVHW was recommended in the view of improving yield and controlling NH3 volatilization because no significant difference of the yield-scale NH3 volatilization was detected between control and CVHW treatment. This study for the first time uncovered that Chlorella vulgaris-derived hydrochars have positive effects on rice N utilization and growth but negative effects on the atmospheric environment. The excellent potential of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) makes it a promising remedy for contaminated aquifers. More efficient remediation modes with nZVI have been investigated recently to overcome the inherent drawbacks of materials. In this study, a double surfactant-modified synthesis method is established to make the removal of Cr(VI) more efficiency. A specific focus of the materials status (suspension or powder) is devoted to explore the best application condition, especially for groundwater remediation. A non-ionic surfactant, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and an anionic surfactant, sodium oleate (NaOA), were selected to modify nZVI simultaneously. The kinetics and isotherm experiments, reactions at different pHs, initial concentrations, gas conditions, and coexisting ion conditions were conducted to analyse the removal mechanism. The characterizations before and after the reaction were used to further explain the results. From the batch experiments, a synergistic effect could be recognized in Cr(VI) elimination when PVP and NaOA were both used for nZVI modification. The materials in suspension (without drying process) exhibited higher removal efficiency in comparison with powder ones. These reactions happened in acidic condition demonstrated higher reactivity. The anaerobic condition facilitated the reaction, which showed prospect application in groundwater. Equilibrium could be reached within 2 min using the suspension sample with a removal efficiency above 99.5% and a maximum removal amount of 231.75 mg g-1. The reaction process was well-fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir model. Cr(VI) was fully transformed into Cr(III), a safer status. These results show this is a promising in-situ method to eliminate Cr(VI) pollution in groundwater. This study developed a green and novel magnetic biochar via the co-pyrolysis of firwood biomass pre-treated with 10% (w/w) of either solid-phase (admixing; G10BCA) or liquid-phase (impregnation; G10BCI) goethite mineral (α-FeOOH). Newly fabricated magnetic biochars were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equipment, X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), proximate and elemental analyzer, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The effects of magnetic precursor, iron loading, and aqua-treatments on recoverability, magnetic property, and stability (resistance to α-FeOOH reconstructive crystallization/dissolution reactions) were explored and compared to those of magnetic biochar derived from conventional ferric chloride precursor (F10BCI). Results confirmed a direct correlation between biochar yields and ash contents with iron loading, irrespective of the used types of magnetic precursors (α-FeOOH or FeCl3).
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