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CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of HAIs and resistance rates are high compared to ICUs in other European countries. Risk factors for both acquisition of HAI and mortality were identified. Large-scale studies are necessary to look at HAIs in adult ICUs in Serbia. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate injuries occurring in the larynx of patients intubated in intensive care units for a long time. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. SETTING Tertiary hospital. SUBJECT AND METHODS Between April 15, 2019, and November 15, 2019, 40 patients who were hospitalized in intensive care units had a tracheotomy procedure due to prolonged intubation, and laryngeal structures were evaluated by direct laryngoscopy. The laryngeal structures were evaluated in four groups as glottic-supraglottic region, arytenoid vocal process, interaritenoid region and subglottic region. Edema, granulation and ulceration findings in these four regions were recorded. The injuries to the laryngeal structures were classified as stages 0-3. As a result of the data obtained, the relationship between the degree of laryngeal lesions and the factors that may cause these lesions was investigated. RESULTS According to our classification, nine patients had stage 1, 16 patients had stage 2 and 15 patients had stage 3 laryngeal injury. There was no significant relationship between the stage of laryngeal injury and age, sex and diameter of the intubation tube. There was a statistically significant relationship between laryngeal injury and the day the tracheotomy was performed (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION In patients that had prolonged endotracheal intubation, injury to the laryngeal structures is inevitable. To minimize this occurrence, tracheotomy should be performed for intubations that extend for more than seven days. check details When performing the tracheotomy, the laryngeal structures should be evaluated, necessary precautions should be taken for the traumatic lesions that are difficult to heal, and treatment should be started. BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a refractory and poor prognosis tumor Present study aimed to investigate the underlying biological functions and pathways involved in the development of ATC and to identify potential hub genes and candidate biomarkers of ATC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ATC tissue samples and adjacent normal tissue samples. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the DEGs were constructed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes online tool and Cytoscape software and divided into sub-networks using the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plug-in. DEGs in each module was analyzed by enrichment analysis of the KEGG Orthology Based Annotation System (KOBAS) web software version 3.0. Eventually, the hub genes from bioinformatics analysis were verified by qRT-PCR assay in different ATC cell lines. RESULTS Thirty hub genes were selected and three modules were built by the Cytoscape software from the PPI network. Seven genes (CDK1, CCNB2, BUB1B, CDC20, RRM2, CHEK1 and CDC45) were screened from thirty hub genes. Enrichment analysis showed that these hub genes were primarily accumulated in 'cell cycle', 'p53 signaling pathway', 'viral carcinogenesis', 'pyrimidine metabolism' and 'ubiquitin mediated proteolysis'. The results of qRT-PCR indicated that seven hub genes were unregulated in three ATC cell lines compared with normal thyroid gland cell. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CDK1, CCNB2, BUB1B, CDC20, RRM2, CHEK1 and CDC45 may serve as novel diagnosis biomarkers and potential therapeutic target for ATC. PURPOSE This study summarizes the treatment modalities of basal cell adenocarcinoma (BCAC) of the parotid gland and subsequent outcome at a single institution to better define the treatment of this rare tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective review of patients treated for BCAC of the parotid gland from 1/01/1996 to 08/1/2018 was performed. Patients were identified using our institution's Cancer Registry. RESULTS A total of thirteen patients (46% female, median age of 56) treated for BCAC of the parotid gland were identified. Eight patients (57%) were staged as T1, four were staged as T2 (29%), and two were stage T4a (14%) due to tumor involvement of the facial nerve. None of the patients had nodal involvement or distant metastases. Three patients (21%) underwent radiation therapy ranging from 60-70Gy for positive margin or facial nerve involvement by tumor. Five patients (36%) underwent a neck dissection (ND) ranging from just a level IIb dissection up to levels IIa, IIb, and III with none of the nodes being positive for disease. The remainder of patients did not undergo a neck dissection. Follow-up was 8.1 ± 6.2 (mean ± SD) years with no local or regional recurrence at time of last follow-up in any patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests that elective neck dissections are not necessary following resection of T1/T2N0M0 basal cell adenocarcinoma for the prevention of local or regional recurrence. No longer performing neck dissections for T1/T2N0M0 BCAC would reduce the morbidity associated with the treatment of this rare parotid tumor. BACKGROUND Mechanical conditioning has been widely used to attempt to enhance chondrocyte metabolism for the evolution of functionally competent cartilage. However, although upregulation of proteoglycans have been reported through the application of uniaxial compression, minimal collagen has been produced. The study is designed to examine whether alternative loading regimens, equivalent to physiological conditions, involving shear in addition to compression can enhance collagen production. METHODS Finite element models were developed to determine how the local chondrocyte environments within agarose constructs were influenced by a range of static and dynamic loading regimens. 3-D poro-viscoelastic models were validated against experimental data. In particular, these models were used to characterise chondrocyte deformation in compression with and without shear superimposed, with special reference to the formation of pericellular matrix around the cells. FINDINGS The models of the hydrogel constructs under stress relaxation and dynamic cyclic compression conditions were highly correlated with the experimental data.
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