Notes

The initial Standard protocol pertaining to Determining Wellbeing of Camels.
To investigate alveolar bone loss (ABL), which is an indicator of periodontitis, and to identify risk factors for ABL in an older population between 2008 and 2018.

This longitudinal study used data from a questionnaire survey and a clinical examination administered on two occasions ten years apart to 273 individuals who were 65years and 75years in 2008.

The mean number of teeth decreased significantly over the ten-year study period, while the proportion of individuals with calculus and moderate ABL visible on radiographs increased. For both ages, the number of teeth decreased by a mean of 2 teeth. The proportions of participants reporting poor general health, daily medication, xerostomia, living singly, visiting dental care irregularly and being in need of extra support in their homes all increased over the observation period.

Despite an increased progression of moderate alveolar bone loss, a fairly good dentition and chewing capacity was retained in this older population. However, the individual's age and fragility are important indicators that need to be considered when planning oral health care and the availability of dental care.
Despite an increased progression of moderate alveolar bone loss, a fairly good dentition and chewing capacity was retained in this older population. However, the individual's age and fragility are important indicators that need to be considered when planning oral health care and the availability of dental care.Bladder cancer is one of the most common types of urothelial carcinoma with a rising incidence rate worldwide. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the development of numerous cancers, including bladder cancer. We aimed to uncover the role and associated mechanism of circMYLK in bladder cancer. The expression levels of circMYLK, miRNA-34a (miR-34a) and Cyclin D3 (CCND3) mRNA were investigated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein level of CCND3 was investigated using western blot. In functional assays, flow cytometry assays were utilized for cell cycle analysis and cell apoptosis analysis. Transwell assays were used for cell migration and invasion analysis. Caspase-3 activity was examined to monitor cell apoptosis. The putative relationship between miR-34a and circMYLK or CCND3 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. CircMYLK was highly expressed in bladder cancer tissues and cells. CircMYLK downregulation inhibited bladder cancer cell migration and invasion, and promoted cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Sirtinol cost MiR-34a, a target of circMYLK, was downregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells. MiR-34a inhibition reversed the effects of circMYLK downregulation and then recovered bladder cell malignant behaviors. Further analysis showed that CCND3 was a downstream target of miR-34a, and CCND3 was upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells. MiR-34a overexpression blocked bladder cancer cell migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis and cycle arrest, while these effects were abolished by CCND3 overexpression. CircMYLK contributed to the malignant development of bladder cancer cells partly through the miR-34a/CCND3 regulatory network, showing the significance of circMYLK in bladder cancer pathogenesis.Autoimmune liver diseases are attributed to a complex interplay of biologic, acquired, and environmental factors. Increased prevalence, later stage of presentation, worse response to standard therapy, and transplant-related disparities have all been reported in racial and ethnic minorities such as Black and Latinx patients with autoimmune liver diseases. While biology and inherited genetic predispositions may partly explain these disparities, definitive and universal genetic variations underlying these differences in outcomes have not been defined. Nonetheless, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, environmental and societal factors, and implicit provider bias can all contribute to poor patient outcomes. There remains an unmet need to understand and mitigate the factors contributing to health inequity in autoimmune liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the data on racial and ethnic disparities in presentation, treatment response, and outcomes pertaining to autoimmune liver diseases in minority populations, on the premise that understanding disparities is the first step towards reaching health equity.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of elderly dementia, affecting nearly 50 million people worldwide, with two-thirds of the cases in the USA in women. Despite considerable investment, this prevalence is expected to increase further in the coming decades, based on the projected demographics of the population. Currently, most of the preclinical AD studies rely on transgenic mice carrying mutations associated with the early onset familiar form of AD, although the vast majority of cases are sporadic. A prevailing current hypothesis is that the cascade of events leading to AD starts with the accumulation of small soluble oligomers of the Aβ peptide (AβOs) that target and disrupt synapses. Taking advantage of the high translational power of rhesus monkeys due to their physiological and genetic similarities to humans, we recently developed a female rhesus monkey model of early AD pathogenesis based on exogenous administration AβOs. Here we review and discuss how soluble oligomers of Aβ can target vulnerable spines in the neocortex and hippocampus of female middle-aged monkeys and induce neuroinflammatory responses, similar to what is known to occur in the human brain. Developing a rhesus monkey model of early AD focusing on women's health is critical for the understanding of how hormonal changes during menopause transition affect brain health and ultimately may contribute to AD neurodegeneration.Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) have declined drastically across their range in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Survey data analysed in 2016 estimated a 77% decline in numbers between the mid- 1990s and 2016 and predicted that Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), and the contiguous Oku Community Reserve (OCR) held much of the global population. An estimate of 3800 Grauer's gorillas was made across its range at that time. Here, we publish the most extensive survey of Grauer's gorilla numbers to date, using nest counts from 230 line transects across KBNP and OCR to derive more accurate estimates of both gorilla and chimpanzee numbers. Gorilla numbers were estimated from line transects at 1,571 (95% confidence interval [CI] 824-2,993) within KBNP and at 2,244 (95% CI 1,471-3,422) in OCR. Eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) numbers were estimated at 2,500 (95% CI 1,804-3,462) in KBNP and 687 (95% CI 472-999) in OCR. Estimates of total numbers for the survey area were 5,252 (95% CI 3,687-7,481) Grauer's gorillas and 4,275 (95% CI 3,322-5,502) eastern chimpanzees.
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