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74, P less then 0.001). In addition, there was a significant difference in the LLMT between genders (0.94 ± 0.26 vs. 0.80 ± 0.19 mm, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS A good agreement between two operators indicated that it seemed to be feasible to use AS-OCT to measure the LLMT. Additionally, we found that the LLMT appeared to be closely related to age and gender. © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.BACKGROUND Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) patients is complex as therapy choices depend on a variety of factors, such as location and severity of inflammation, disease behavior (inflammatory, stricturing or penetrating) but also comorbidities, extra-intestinal manifestations, the patient's age, and previous therapies. Subsequently, the choice of treatment should be tailored to the individual patient. SUMMARY This article gives the reader therapy algorithms as a guide through different CD scenarios to support the physician's decision making. New compounds introduced in CD therapy in recent years justify such an update on standard approaches. Ustekinumab and vedolizumab and their positions within the treatment options are discussed. Fistulizing perianal disease and postoperative medical prophylaxis are depicted in separate chapters with own algorithms. Key Messages In recent years, a variety of new drugs became available to treat patients with CD - especially those who are antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) experienced with ongoing inflammation. The definitive role of vedolizumab and ustekinumab is not yet fully clarified. However, with the advantage of good safety profiles over TNF-inhibitors, these drugs will be more frequently used in the near future, also as first-line biologicals, compared to TNF-inhibitors. Concerning treatment of fistulizing disease, the knowledge of the exact anatomy of the fistula is of major importance. An interdisciplinary discussion involving gastroenterologists, surgeons, and in some cases gynecologists may help to optimize the treatment plan. Regarding the postsurgical setting in CD patients, according to the very recent Cochrane Network meta-analysis, mesalazine should be at least positioned equivalent to thiopurines and TNF-inhibitors, as shown in our algorithm. © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.PURPOSE To evaluate the characteristics of corneal endothelial cells and central corneal thickness (CCT) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), to compare them with those of healthy subjects (controls) and to determine potential factors, affecting the corneal parameters in patients with DM. METHODS Participants in this study were 72 patients with DM and 88 healthy controls. Diabetic patients were further classified into 4 groups depending on severity of diabetic retinopathy (no retinopathy, mild, moderate, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy). All participants underwent non-contact specular microscopy to evaluate corneal endothelium parameters and CCT, while factors affecting endothelial cell density and CCT in patients with DM were also analyzed. RESULTS Patients with DM presented significantly decreased endothelial cell density compared to controls (2297.9±311.3 and 2518.3±243.7 cells/mm2 respectively, p less then 0.001), while the two groups did not differ significantly in any other measured corneal parameter. In the diabetic group, the multivariate analysis showed a significant association between decreased endothelial cell density and increased HbA1c (p less then 0.001), longer DM duration (p=0.003) and more severe diabetic retinopathy status (p=0.008). CONCLUSION Diabetes mellitus seems to affect corneal endothelium, since endothelial cell density was decreased in the diabetic group while duration of disease, HbA1c levels and severity of retinopathy were significantly associated with changes in endothelial cell density and should be taken into account. selleck products © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.OBJECTIVE The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children increased rapidly. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD, especially how non-alcoholic fatty liver progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, is still unclear. This study aims to explore the exosomal miRNAs profiles and the underline pathogenesis of child NAFLD. METHODS Twenty NAFLD and 20 health control were enrolled in this study. Circulating exosomes were isolated, and RNA sequencing was performed in test set (3 NAFLD/3 Controls). The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEM) were further validated in validation set (17 NAFLD/17 Controls). Spearman correlation -analysis was used to investigate the association between DEM and clinical parameters. RESULTS Eighty-two miRNAs were differentially expressed (absolute fold change >2 and p less then 0.05) in the 2 groups, they were involved in fat acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, bile acid metabolism and inflammation. miRNA122-5p, miRNA34a-5p, -miRNA155-5p and miRNA146b-3p were up-regulated in NAFLD group (p less then 0.05) and positively correlated with body mass index (r, 0.41-0.59), alanine aminotransferase (r, 0.36-0.52), aspartate transaminase (r, 0.31-0.48) and uric acid (UA, r, 0.51-0.69; p less then 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Circulating exosomal miRNAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and correlated with transaminase and UA. © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.The present article describes an extended replication of a reading study by Sereno and Jongman (1995) that reported acoustic differences between noun and verb pronunciations of English disyllabic, non-stress-shifting homophone pairs, for example, answer (v) versus answer (n). The original findings point to a gradual influence of the typical stress patterns of both grammatical categories, with noun readings exhibiting a tendency toward trochaic and verb readings toward iambic pronunciation. However, the effects found by Sereno and Jongman (1995) did not consistently reach statistical significance and were based on a very small sample size. Employing a considerably larger group of speakers, the current replication fails to find the reported effects of the grammatical category. The null result obtained can be accounted for within speech production models that assume identical metrical templates for the homophone pairs tested and no direct influence of the grammatical category on the phonetics of stress assignment.
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