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Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) case surveillance relies on reported positive laboratory results. Changes in reported cases may represent changes in testing practice or infection prevalence. This study evaluated changes over time for CT and NG positivity and testing rates of pregnant persons.

Prenatal testing results from persons ages 16-40 years tested by a national reference clinical laboratory were analyzed for CT and NG testing and positivity during 2010-2018 (n = 3,270,610).

Testing rates increased among pregnant persons for CT (from 56.3% in 2010 to 64.1% in 2018, p < 0.001) and NG (from 55.6% to 63.2%, p < 0.001). Higher CT testing rates were found in Black non-Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.58, 95% CI 1.57-1.60) and Hispanic (AOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.18-1.20) persons. NG and CT testing rates were virtually identical. Significant increasing trends in CT positivity were observed for each age group studied (p < 0.001 for all) 16-19 (from 11.7% to 13.0%); 20-24 (from 6.4% to 6.7%); 25-30 (from 1.9% to 2.4%); 31-40 years (from 0.76% to 0.92%). Black non-Hispanic persons had the highest positivity for CT (AOR 2.52, 95% CI 2.46-2.57) and NG (AOR 5.42, 95% CI 5.05-5.82).

Testing and adjusted positivity for both CT and NG among pregnant persons increased from 2010 to 2018. Higher testing rates were observed in Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic persons (even in persons under 25 years) suggesting some testing decisions may have been based on perceived risk, in contrast to many guidelines recommending screening all pregnant persons under 25 years.
Testing and adjusted positivity for both CT and NG among pregnant persons increased from 2010 to 2018. CPI-1205 mouse Higher testing rates were observed in Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic persons (even in persons under 25 years) suggesting some testing decisions may have been based on perceived risk, in contrast to many guidelines recommending screening all pregnant persons under 25 years.
The prevalence of syphilis is very high in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), and effective interventions are needed to educate HIV-positive individuals about the behavioral and biological risk factors. Therefore, we developed a standard case management process and conducted a randomized controlled study to investigate the impact on risky sexual behaviors and syphilis in HIV-positive MSM.

MSM (n = 220) were enrolled and randomized to the case management intervention group and the control group between May 2016 and January 2017. The control group received routine HIV related care. In addition to routine HIV related care, those in the intervention group regularly received extended services from a well-trained case manager. Epidemiological information was collected during the baseline face-to-face interviews by a trained investigator. Serological tests for syphilis and assessments of risky sexual behaviors were performed at baseline and 6 and 12 months after the initiation of treatment.

The syphilis incidence rates in the intervention and control groups were 11.3 per 100 person-years and 20.6 per 100 person-years respectively. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for syphilis in case management group was 0.34 (0.14-0.87). The percentages of participants who resumed risky sexual behaviors in both groups were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), but did not significantly differ between two groups.

A case management intervention reduced the incidence of syphilis in HIV-positive MSM. We should further increase the content of case management on the basis of providing routine HIV related care to those people.
A case management intervention reduced the incidence of syphilis in HIV-positive MSM. We should further increase the content of case management on the basis of providing routine HIV related care to those people.The size of the physician-scientist workforce has declined for the past 3 decades, which raises significant concerns for the future of biomedical research. There is also a considerable gender disparity among physician-scientists. This disparity is exacerbated by race, resulting in a compounding effect for women of color. Proposed reasons for this disparity include the time and expense physicians must devote to obtaining specialized research training after residency while at the same time burdened with mounting medical school debt and domestic and caretaking responsibilities, which are disproportionately shouldered by women. These circumstances may contribute to the overall gender disparity in research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Women apply for NIH grants less often than men and are therefore less likely to receive an NIH grant. However, when women do apply for NIH grants, their funding success is comparable to that of men. Increasing representation of women and groups underrepresented esearch.
Medical student mistreatment is pervasive, yet whether all physicians have a shared understanding of the problem is unclear. The authors presented professionally designed trigger videos to physicians from six different specialties to determine if they perceive mistreatment and its severity similarly.

From October 2016 to August 2018, resident and attending physicians from 10 U.S. medical schools viewed five trigger videos showing behaviors that could be perceived as mistreatment. They completed a survey exploring their perceptions. The authors compared perceptions of mistreatment across specialties and, for each scenario, evaluated the relationship between specialty and perception of mistreatment.

Six-hundred and fifty resident and attending physicians participated. There were statistically significant differences in perception of mistreatment across specialties for three of the five scenarios aggressive questioning (range 74.1%-91.2%), negative feedback (range 25.4%-63.7%), and assignment of inappropri severity. Further investigation is needed to understand why these perceptions of mistreatment vary among specialties and how to address these differences.
Specialty was associated with differences in the perception of mistreatment and in the rating of its severity. Further investigation is needed to understand why these perceptions of mistreatment vary among specialties and how to address these differences.
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