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Pathophysiology as well as Treatment regarding Carotid Artery Stenosis.
Various cardiovascular diseases can be detected and diagnosed using echocardiography. The demand for cardiovascular system research using nonhuman primates is increasing, but echocardiographic references for nonhuman primates are limited. This report describes the first comparison of echocardiographic reference values in 247 normal cynomolgus monkeys (135 females, 112 males) over a wide age range. Echocardiography, electrocardiography, blood pressure and chest X-ray images were acquired under immobilization with intramuscular ketamine hydrochloride, then cardiac structure, function, and flow velocity were assessed. Cardiac hormone levels were also tested. We found that cardiac structures positively correlated with weight, that the size of these structures stabilized after reaching maturity and that cardiac output increased according to heart size. In contrast, fractional shortening of the left ventricle, ejection fraction and flow velocity showed no significant correlations with weight or age, and age and E wave correlated negatively. These findings appear sufficiently similar to those in humans to suggest that cynomolgus monkeys can serve as a suitable model of human cardiac disease. Our data should also prove useful for surveying cardiac dysfunction in monkeys.The objective of this study was to provide a screening scheme of persistently infected (PI) cattle on dairy herds by combining reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in milk tanker samples and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect BVDV antibodies in bulk tank milk. We conducted a pilot survey and regional survey targeting all dairy farms in Ibaraki Prefecture by using milk tanker and bulk tank milk samples to screen PI cattle. Farms with positive samples underwent a follow-up test to identify PI cattle. In the pilot study, all virus-positive samples in bulk tank milk were included in the positive milk tanker samples. The RT-PCR assay successfully detected BVDV at dilutions of 11,600 by using two PI cows' milk. In the regional survey, 5 of 79 milk tanker samples were virus-positive. The virus was detected in three PI lactating cows and one PI calf on three farms. Antibody screening using bulk tank milk samples revealed 15 of 363 samples were positive, and 12 of 348 farms were BVDV antibody-positive. Follow-up tests on one farm identified three PI calves. Thus, eight PI cattle on five farms were identified in this study. In conclusion, combining BVDV detection using milk tanker samples and antibody detection using bulk tank milk is a feasible and economical method to efficiently screen PI cattle and confirm the PI-free status among dairy herds.We determined the length of time within which frozen-thawed semen delivered a high conception rate in present-day lactating dairy cows. The cows utilized were a total 100 milking Holstein-Friesian cows kept in tie-stall style farms. We carried out artificial insemination (AI) during the periovulatory period at a predicted time based on ovulation, and checked ovulation at 6-h intervals after AI. The period from AI to ovulation ranged from 48 h (i.e., 48 h before ovulation) to -12 h (i.e., 12 h after ovulation). High conception rates averaging 63.0% were obtained by carrying out AI > 6-30 h before ovulation, significantly higher than the conception rates of 30.0% (P 24-30 h after AI, and that a conception rate of ≥ 60% can be achieved by carrying out AI 6-30 h before ovulation using frozen-thawed semen.Coumarin moiety has garnered momentous attention especially in the design of compounds with significant biological activities. In this work, a series of 3-substituted coumarin derivatives 6a-6l were synthesized and fully characterized. Most of the compounds could obviously inhibit the activity of COX-1 at the concentration of 10 μM. CNO AChR agonist Besides, 6h and 6l exhibited highest inhibitory effects against COX-2 with inhibition rates of 33.48% and 35.71%, respectively. Detailed structure-activity relationships (SARs) were also discussed. In vivo studies, 6b, 6i and 6l could remarkably repress the xylene-induced ear swelling in mice at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Especially, 6l seemed to be the most effective compound at the dose of 10 mg/kg, displaying favorable anti-inflammatory activity comparable to indomethacin. All of these findings suggested that 6l might be utilized as a candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.Healthcare workers should wear appropriate personal protective clothing (PPC) on assuming the risk of exposure to various pathogens. Therefore, it is important to understand PPC performance against pathogen penetration. Currently, standard methods to evaluate and classify the penetration resistance of PPC fabrics with pressure using synthetic blood or phi-X174 phage have been established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). However, the penetration of viral liquid drops (VLDrop) on the PPC without pressure is also a major exposure route and more realistic, necessitating further studies. Here, we evaluated the penetration resistance against VLDrop without pressure using phi-X174 phage on woven and nonwoven fabrics of commercially available PPC classified by the ISO, and analyzed in detail the penetration behaviors of VLDrop by quantifying the phage amounts in leak-through and migration into test fabrics. Our results showed that some nonwoven test fabrics had nearly the same penetration resistance against VLDrop, even if the ISO resistance class differed. Furthermore, the results revealed that the amount of leakage through the fabrics was correlated with the migration amount into the fabric, which was related to fluid-repellency of fabrics, suggesting the effectiveness for penetration resistance. Our study may facilitate more appropriate selection for PPC against pathogen penetration.Chlorhexidine digluconate inhibits oral bacteria and the formation of dental plaque. Protamine sulfate, a polycationic protein, exerts antibacterial activity by altering the cell wall of bacteria. Extracts of Laminaria japonica and Rosmarinus officinalis display antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of chlorhexidine digluconate and protamine sulfate on the inhibitory activity of L. japonica and R. officinalis extracts against Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent for dental caries. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chlorhexidine digluconate, protamine sulfate, and L. japonica and R. officinalis extracts were determined by broth dilution method. Synergistic effect of chlorhexidine digluconate or protamine sulfate and extracts of L. japonica or R. officinalis was determined by fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC). FIC demonstrated the synergistic effects of the different combinations of antibacterial agents.
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