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One of the earliest and most prevalent barriers to successful reproduction is polyspermy, or fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm. To prevent these supernumerary fertilizations, eggs have evolved multiple mechanisms. It has recently been proposed that zinc released by mammalian eggs at fertilization may block additional sperm from entering. Here, we demonstrate that eggs from amphibia and teleost fish also release zinc. Using Xenopus laevis as a model, we document that zinc reversibly blocks fertilization. Finally, we demonstrate that extracellular zinc similarly disrupts early embryonic development in eggs from diverse phyla, including Cnidaria, Echinodermata, and Chordata. Our study reveals that a fundamental strategy protecting human eggs from fertilization by multiple sperm may have evolved more than 650 million years ago.The temporal association cortex is considered a primate specialization and is involved in complex behaviors, with some, such as language, particularly characteristic of humans. The emergence of these behaviors has been linked to major differences in temporal lobe white matter in humans compared with monkeys. It is unknown, however, how the organization of the temporal lobe differs across several anthropoid primates. Therefore, we systematically compared the organization of the major temporal lobe white matter tracts in the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee great apes and in the macaque monkey. We show that humans and great apes, in particular the chimpanzee, exhibit an expanded and more complex occipital-temporal white matter system; additionally, in humans, the invasion of dorsal tracts into the temporal lobe provides a further specialization. We demonstrate the reorganization of different tracts along the primate evolutionary tree, including distinctive connectivity of human temporal gray matter.BACKGROUND Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) is the second most common malignancy in males and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the occurrence and development of PRAD, however, the prognostic biomarkers associated with CSC features have not been identified in PRAD. MATERIAL AND METHODS In order to identify the prognostic stemness-related genes (SRGs) of PRAD, the RNA sequencing data of patients with PRAD were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. The mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) and the differential expressed genes (DEGs) were evaluated and identified. The associations between the mRNAsi and tumorigenesis, overall survival (OS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, and Gleason score were also established by nonparametric test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The SRGs were identified as the overlapped DEGs of PRAD-associated DEGs and the mRNAsi-associated DEGs. Based on the prognostic SRGs, the predict model was constructed. Its accuracy was tested by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and the risk score. RESULTS A total of 6005 PRAD-associated DEGs and 2462 mRNAsi-associated DEGs were identified. The mRNAsi was significantly upregulated in PRAD and associated with the PSA value and Gleason score. GNE-317 ic50 A total of 1631 SRGs were identified, with 36 prognostic SRGs screened by the univariate Cox analysis. Based on the prognostic SRGs, the predict model was constructed with the AUC of 0.986. Moreover, the risk score of the model was proved to be an independent prognostic factor, indicating its significant applicability. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the mRNAsi as a reliable index for the tumorigenesis, PSA value, and Gleason score of PRAD. Additionally, this study provides a well-applied model for predicting the OS for patients with PRAD based on prognostic SRGs.Urinary Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP) is elevated in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, and is considered a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AD. However, it has not yet been investigated whether urinary AD7c-NTP is elevated with increases in blood biochemical indicators related to AD risk factors. We recruited 2180 participants, aged 35-93 years, from communities of four districts in Beijing. Blood biochemical indicators, including blood glucose, blood lipids, renal function, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, were measured using routine methods. Urinary AD7c-NTP was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay AD7c-NTP kit. In the general population, there were no significant differences in urinary AD7c-NTP levels in subjects with different Mini-Mental State Examination levels or C-reactive protein values. After adjusting for age and sex, there were significant differences in urinary AD7c-NTP levels between different education levels, marital statuses, blood glucose, blood lipids, and kidney function. There was a negative correlation between urinary AD7c-NTP levels and serum creatinine (r = -0.128). There was a positive correlation between urinary AD7c-NTP levels and HbA1c (r = 0.104), insulin (r = 0.101), and triglycerides (r = 0.093). Urinary AD7c-NTP might be useful as a potential indicator to predict AD risk.The betaretrovirus Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) is the well characterized etiological agent of mammary tumors in mice. In contrast, the etiology of sporadic human breast cancer (BC) is unknown, but accumulating data indicate a possible viral origin also for these malignancies. The presence of MMTVenv-like sequences (MMTVels) in the human salivary glands and saliva supports the latter as possible route of inter-human dissemination. In the absence of the demonstration of a mouse-man transmission of MMTV, we considered the possibility that a cross-species transmission could have occurred in ancient times. Therefore, we investigated MMTVels in the ancient dental calculus, which originates from saliva and is an excellent material for paleovirology. The calculus was collected from 36 ancient human skulls, excluding any possible mouse contamination. MMTV-like sequences were identified in the calculus of 6 individuals dated from the Copper Age to the 17th century. The MMTV-like sequences were compared with known human endogenous betaretroviruses and with animal exogenous betaretroviruses, confirming their exogenous origin and relation to MMTV.
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