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The study of metagenomics is an emerging field that identifies the total genetic materials in an organism along with the set of all genetic materials like deoxyribonucleic acid and ribose nucleic acid, which play a key role with the maintenance of cellular functions. The best part of this technology is that it gives more flexibility to environmental microbiologists to instantly pioneer the immense genetic variability of microbial communities. However, it is intensively complex to identify the suitable sequencing measures of any specific gene that can exclusively indicate the involvement of microbial metagenomes and be able to advance valuable results about these communities. This review provides an overview of the metagenomic advancement that has been advantageous for aggregation of more knowledge about specific genes, microbial communities and its metabolic pathways. More specific drawbacks of metagenomes technology mainly depend on sequence-based analysis. Therefore, this 'targeted based metagenomics' approach will give comprehensive knowledge about the ecological, evolutionary and functional sequence of significantly important genes that naturally exist in living beings either human, animal and microorganisms from distinctive ecosystems.Background Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) at DNA repair genes are considered as potential biomarkers of radio-sensitivity. The coastal belt of Kerala in south west India has a patchy distribution of monazite in its beach sand that contains Th-232 and its decay products. Thus, radiation levels in this area vary from 1.5mGy/year are considered as High-Level Natural Radiation Areas (HLNRA) and ≤ 1.5mGy/year are Normal Level Natural Radiation Area (NLNRA).Objective In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the influence of chronic low dose radiation exposure on DNA repair gene polymorphisms in NLNRA and HLNRA population of Kerala coast.Materials and methods Genomic DNA was isolated from venous blood samples of 246 random, healthy individuals (NLNRA, N = 104; HLNRA, N = 142) and genotyping of five SNPs such as X-ray repair cross complementing 1(XRCC1 Arg399Gln), X-ray repair cross complementing 3 (XRCC3 Thr241Met], Protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic subunit (PRKDC) (X-ray repair cross-come of these SNPs i.e. XRCC1 Arg399Gln, XRCC3 Thr241Met and PRKDC (XRCC7 G/T) were similar, whereas NEIL1 G/T and LIG1 A/C showed significant difference between HLNRA and NLNRA population. However, further research using more number of SNPs in a larger cohort is required in this study area.The unique properties of nanoparticles create broad opportunities as regards their application in almost all disciplines of science and technology. There are many reports about the negative influence of nanoproducts on the environment and humans. Therefore, it is of vital importance to explore the impact of metal nanoparticles on plants. This is why this work is concerned with the phytotoxic activity of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized biologically from Betonica officinalis extract against the seed of Lepidium sativum, Linum flavum, Zea mays and Salvia hispanica-Chia. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Those methods made it possible to assess the structure and size of the obtained ZnO nanoparticles, which was 5 nm. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant toxic properties throughout the range of the tested concentrations. ZnO nanoparticles were the most toxic to Lepidium sativum, for which the IC50 value was 0.0000112 [mg/ml]. The solution of Zn(NO3)2 was toxic as well, as it inhibited the growth of the tested sample throughout the range of the tested concentrations.Purpose Radiation therapy (RT), by using ionizing radiation (IR), destroys cancer cells inducing DNA damage. Despite several studies are continuously performed to identify the best curative dose of IR, the role of dose-rate, IR delivered per unit of time, on tumor control is still largely unknown.Materials and methods Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines were irradiated with 2 or 10 Gy delivered at dose-rates of 1.5, 2.5, 5.5 and 10.1 Gy/min. Cell-survival rate and cell cycle distribution were evaluated by clonogenic assays and flow cytometry, respectively. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by cytometry. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assessed the expression of anti-oxidant-related factors including NRF2, SODs, CAT and GPx4 and miRNAs (miR-22, -126, -210, -375, -146a, -34a). Annexin V and caspase-8, -9 and -3 activity were assessed to characterize cell death. Senescence was determined by assessing β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. Immunoblotting was performed to assess the expression/activation of i) phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX), markers of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs); ii) p19Kip1/Cip1, p21Waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1/Cip1, senescence-related-markers; iii) p62, LC3-I and LC3-II, regulators of autophagy; iv) ATM, RAD51, DNA-PKcs, Ku70 and Ku80, mediators of DSBs repair.Results Low dose-rate (LDR) more efficiently induced apoptosis and senescence in RMS while high dose-rate (HDR) necrosis in PCa. This paralleled with a lower ability of LDR-RMS and HDR-PCa irradiated cells to activate DSBs repair. Modulating the dose rate did not differently affect the anti-oxidant ability of cancer cells.Conclusion The present results indicate that a stronger cytotoxic effect was induced by modulating the dose-rate in a cancer cell-dependent manner, this suggesting that choose the dose-rate based on the individual patient's tumor characteristics could be strategic for effective RT exposures.Purpose Simple, rapid and high-throughput dose assessment is critical for clinical diagnosis, treatment and emergency intervention in a large-scale radiological accident. The goal of this study is to screen and identify new ionizing radiation-responsive protein biomarkers in rat plasma.Materials and methods Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to single doses of 0, 1, 3, 5 Gy of Cobalt-60 γ-rays total body irradiation at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min. The tandem mass tag labeling (TMT) combined with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was used to screen the differentially expressed proteins in rat plasma collected at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-irradiation. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to explore the biological functions of these proteins. The expression levels of candidate radiation-sensitive protein biomarkers were confirmed using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA).Results A total of 503 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Selleckchem Ala-Gln Most of these proteins were implicated in immune response, phagocytosis and signal transduction following ionizing radiation.
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