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Different metabolism response regarding cancer malignancy cells helped by the 213Bi-anti-EGFR-immunoconjugate.
Substantial knowledge is available on the association of the indoor school environment and its effect among schoolchildren. In the same context, the SINPHONIE (School indoor pollution and health Observatory network in Europe) conducted a study to collect data and determine the distribution of several indoor air pollutants (IAPs), physical and thermal parameters and their association with eye, skin, upper-, lower respiratory and systemic disorder symptoms during the previous three months. Finally, data from 115 schools in 54 European cities from 23 countries was collected and included 5175 schoolchildren using a harmonized and standardized protocol. The association between exposures and the health outcomes were examined using logistic regression models on individual indoor air pollutants (IAPs); a VOC (volatile organic compound) score defined as the sum of the number of pollutants to which the children were highly exposed (concentration > median of the distribution) in classroom was also introduced to evaluate the multiexposure - outcome association, while adjusting for several confounding factors. Schoolchildren exposed to above or equal median concentration of PM2.5, benzene, limonene, ozone and radon were at significantly higher odds of suffering from upper, lower airways, eye and systemic disorders. Increased odds were also observed for any symptom (sick school syndrome) among schoolchildren exposed to concentrations of limonene and ozone above median values. Furthermore, the risks for upper and lower airways and systemic disorders significantly increased with the VOCs score. Results also showed that increased ventilation rate was significantly associated with decreased odds of suffering from eye, skin disorders whereas similar association was observed between temperature and upper airways symptoms. The present study provides evidence that exposure to IAPs in schools is associated with allergic and respiratory symptoms in children. Further investigations are needed to confirm our findings.The terrestrial water balance can be represented by the ratio of evapotranspiration to precipitation, which is expressed as a function of the aridity index (ϕ) and the basin characteristics parameter (n) in the Budyko framework. Traditionally n is assumed to be a constant for a catchment, independent to the climatic variables and altered only by changes in land cover and human activities. Another conceptual framework, Climate Change Impact Hypotheses (CCUW), makes similar assumption of constant catchment efficiency for evapotranspiration. In this study, using Variation Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model experiments, we show that the basin characteristics parameter and catchment efficiency are influenced by aridity index, in contrast with the traditional assumption. We also examine the analytical derivation of a functional form of Budyko equation and show that the assumption of n being independent of the climate variables is not valid. Hydrologic simulations with VIC show that the influence of seasonal change in vegetation (in the form of Leaf Area Index) on n is negligible compared to that of aridity, but the intra-seasonal rainfall variability does have impacts. We demonstrate these with a case study on impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming scenarios on the terrestrial water cycle in the Ganga river basin, one of the large river basins of South Asia with multiple sub-basins. Our findings imply that, with these assumptions, classical conceptual frameworks cannot fully explain the hydrometeorological impacts of climate change. These results highlight the importance of model evaluation and assessment of model assumptions before regional impact assessment studies.As one typical synthetic phenolic antioxidant, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) has been widely adopted in food and other human products, and considered as an emerging contaminant due to its toxic effects. Understanding bioaccumulation and metabolism of BHT is crucial to evaluate its environmental fate and toxicity. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of BHT in mice were investigated. It was shown that BHT was prone to be accumulated in metabolism-related organs (i.e., liver and kidney) with AUC0-120 h (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 120 h) values of 206 h·μg/g in liver and 162 h·μg/g in kidney. For metabolites, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadione (BHT-quinol) was preferentially accumulated in liver, while 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH) was the major metabolite in excreta. The major excretion of BHT and metabolites was through feces with a value of 25.1 ± 0.16% of the initial dose compared with urine of 1.27 ± 0.05%. The possible metabolic pathways of BHT were elucidated as the oxidation of the para-methyl, tert-butyl groups, and aromatic ring based on the known and identified unknown metabolites by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The preferred accumulation of BHT and metabolites in liver implies their potential hepatotoxicity. Results here also suggested that considering the distribution and excretion of metabolites can better assess BHT's fate and risk in mammals.We investigated the interaction between soil water supply and atmospheric evaporative demand for driving the seasonal pattern of transpiration in sky-island high-elevation forest ecosystems. Sap flow measurements were collected at 10-minute intervals for five consecutive years (2013-2017) on two co-occurring subalpine conifers, i.e. limber pine (Pinus flexilis) and bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva). Our study site is part of the Nevada Climate-ecohydrological Assessment Network (NevCAN), and is located at 3355 m a.s.l. within an undisturbed mixed-conifer stand. We found that seasonal changes in soil moisture regulated transpiration sensitivity to atmospheric conditions. GPCR inhibitor Sap flow density was mainly limited by evaporative demands under non-water limiting conditions, but was influenced only by soil moisture when water availability decreased. Daily sap flow density increased with radiation and soil moisture in June and July when soil moisture was generally above 10%, but correlated only with soil moisture in August and September when soil drought occurred.
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