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Exopolysaccharides from microalgae: creation, portrayal, optimization and also techno-economic assessment.
7min (±2SD range 120-608min), decreasing sharply to 262.1min in the first trimester and more gradually thereafter. Vigorous and moderate activity decreased more than light activity. TST and PAD were significantly associated with age, parity, and pregestational body fat percentage; lean body mass was negatively correlated with TST. Results were generally unaffected by seasonal variations.

Marked variations were found in pregestational TST and PAD. Healthy women slept ≥30min longer during pregnancy, while PAD decreased by≥90min in early pregnancy and continued to decrease thereafter.
Marked variations were found in pregestational TST and PAD. Healthy women slept ≥30 min longer during pregnancy, while PAD decreased by ≥ 90 min in early pregnancy and continued to decrease thereafter.
Recent studies suggest that interindividual genetic differences in glial-dependent CSF flow through the brain parenchyma, known as glymphatic flow, may trigger compensatory changes in human sleep physiology. In animal models, brain perivascular spaces are a critical conduit for glymphatic flow. We tested the hypothesis that MRI-visible PVS volumes, a putative marker of perivascular dysfunction, are associated with compensatory differences in real-world human sleep behavior.

We analyzed data from 152 cerebrovascular disease patients from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI). PVS volumes were measured using 3T-MRI. Self-reported total sleep time, time in bed, and daytime dysfunction were extracted from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Individuals with greater PVS volumes reported longer time in bed (+0.85h per log10 proportion of intracranial volume (ICV) occupied by PVS, SE=0.30, p=0.006) and longer total sleep times (+0.70h per log10 proportion of ICV occupied by PVS volume, SE=0.33, p=0.04), independent of vascular risk factors, sleep apnea, nocturnal sleep disturbance, depression, and global cognitive status. Further analyses suggested that the positive association between PVS volumes and total sleep time was mediated by greater time in bed. Moreover, despite having on average greater total sleep times, individuals with greater basal ganglia PVS volumes were more likely to report daytime dysfunction (OR 5.63 per log10 proportion of ICV occupied by PVS, 95% CI 1.38-22.26, p=0.018).

Individuals with greater PVS volumes spend more time in bed, resulting in greater total sleep time, which may represent a behavioral compensatory response to perivascular space dysfunction.
Individuals with greater PVS volumes spend more time in bed, resulting in greater total sleep time, which may represent a behavioral compensatory response to perivascular space dysfunction.This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to investigate the relationship between sleep and academic performance in students enrolled in secondary education programs in the United States. The study team conducted a literature search of 4 databases-PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and ERIC-on September 19 and repeated December 17, 2020. Studies were included if they were observational, published in a peer-reviewed, non-predatory journal, available in full-text, written in English, included adolescents enrolled in an organized academic program, took place in the US, and evaluated the effect of sleep duration and/or sleep quality on academic performance. After excluding reviews, editorials, interventions, and those targeting diagnostic groups, 14 studies met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies; 12 studies were found to be good or high quality, 2 were adequate/fair or poor quality. A meta-analysis of 11 of the included studies revealed that sleep duration (r = 0.03; 95%CI -0.027, 0.087; p = 0.087) and sleep quality (r = 0.089; 95%CI 0.027, 0.151; p = 0.005) had negligible correlations with academic performance (non-significant and significant, respectively). Inconsistencies in definitions, methods, and measures utilized to assess sleep duration, sleep quality, and academic performance constructs may offer insight into seemingly conflicting findings. Given the pivotal role sleep plays in development, future investigations utilizing validated and objective sleep and academic performance measures are needed in adolescents.
Sleep-wake dysfunction is bidirectionally associated with the incidence and evolution of acute stroke. It remains unclear whether sleep disturbances are transient post-stroke or are potentially enduring sequelae in chronic stroke. Here, we characterize sleep architectural dysfunction, sleep-respiratory parameters, and hemispheric sleep in ischemic stroke patients in the chronic recovery phase compared to healthy controls.

Radiologically confirmed ischemic stroke patients (n=28) and matched control participants (n=16) were tested with ambulatory polysomnography, bi-hemispheric sleep EEG, and demographic, stroke-severity, mood, and sleep-circadian questionnaires.

Twenty-eight stroke patients (22 men; mean age=69.61±7.4 years) were cross-sectionally evaluated 4.1±0.9 years after mild-moderate ischemic stroke (baseline NIHSS 3.0±2.0). Fifty-seven percent of stroke patients (n=16) exhibited undiagnosed moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index >15). Despite no difference in total slpotentially compensatory increases in NREM 1-2 sleep relative to controls. find more Formal sleep studies are warranted after stroke, even in the absence of self-reported history of sleep-wake pathology.
The prevalence of chronic sleep restriction during adolescence is a major public health issue. Napping has been adopted to alleviate sleep pressure complaints. However, it also has the potential to amplify sleep restriction due to a vicious cycle triggered by delayed sleep times. The aim of this study was to investigate sleep and napping habits in a sample of Brazilian adolescents.

This study enrolled 1554 high school students and included the evaluation of sleep times, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, and circadian preference. The students were asked about their napping routine, ie its frequency and duration per week.

The adolescent sleep recommendation was achieved by only 27.6% of the sample. Napping habit was reported by 58.1%, with 36.2% of nappers informing naps in 1-2 times per week. Prolonged naps were reported by 44.9% of nappers. Nappers had later median bedtime (2330) and reduced time in bed (TIB) (median=0700h) compared to non-nappers. The frequency of nappers who did not achieve satisfactory TIB was higher than non-nappers.
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