Notes

COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Hello and welcome. Do you know what is a noncommunicable disease? Section 1-- first, we're going to start by describing what are noncommunicable diseases and what are the causes of this. Later on, we're going to list the most common hereditary diseases, immune disorders, and autoimmune diseases. And we're going to describe ways to cope with them. Later, we're going to finish by differentiating between the types of diabetes and their causes. Let's get started. Noncommunicable diseases, what are these? Well, some of the highlights of this-- they cannot be transmitted between people. So these are not passed by human touch or by blood contact or through the air. So these ones are essentially developed by the own body. These are chronic problems that develop over time. And we're going to see some examples of this. Typically, they don't show any symptoms as they are developing. Typically, they manifest themselves as they are fully developed. Essentially, the body systems are going to begin to fail. There's going to be a period of decreased functionality. And then, just so you know, these are the ones that are the leading death with over 60% of the deaths in the world. So keep in mind, these diseases are very dangerous. And we're going to talk about some of the factors that drive these noncommunicable diseases. Now, first, we're going to talk about genetic influences, like birth defects. So these are genetic disorders which are caused by irregular gene structures. Remember, the genes have the traits and have the genetic code or recipe for us to grow into. So if that recipe or those instructions, those rules that are given to us are incorrect, well, that's a genetic disorder. These disorders can remain dormant for many years. Example of them are cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, or muscular dystrophy. So keep this in mind. Some of these can be identified early. And they can even be remedied, but not all of them. Typically, once there's a birth defect there, it's going to manifest sooner rather than later. Now lifestyle influence is another factor. A lot of these can be eliminated or delayed by having a healthy lifestyle. Things of this nature are unmanaged stress. So if we work a lot or if we're under a lot of stress because of one or a different set of reasons, well, this chronic stress is going to cause reactions in our body. Unhealthy habits like a poor diet, if we don't exercise regularly or don't exercise at all, and if we pick habits like smoking or drinking or using illegal drugs, well, those things are going to also increase the risk of developing a noncommunicable diseases. Example of these deceases is Alzheimer's, cancers, and heart disease. Remember about the word carcinogen, which these are the factors that can essentially increase the chances of developing a cancer. Cancer is a noncommunicable disease. Now environmental influences-- these are influences by exposure to hazardous materials or conditions. You've probably heard on the [? news ?] the impact of lead on people, on humans, or lead, mercury, and some other substances that are present typically in manufacturing processes. So if you pay close attention to the news, you probably have heard high-profile lawsuits because of a group of individuals that have gotten sick or developed a condition because of working and being exposed to a certain chemical, to a certain mineral in a large amount that the body cannot process it. And it can compromise their functions. So examples are chemical poisoning and lung diseases. Nowadays, there's regulatory agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, which regulate the amount of these hazardous materials that go into the environment, [? whether ?] it's the air, the water, the soil, or waste generation, and how it is contained and not getting close to the individuals, the general population, or the people that work with this. Now summarizing-- well, we talked about what are noncommunicable diseases. These are not transferred from people to people. They don't go through the air. Essentially, these are things like birth defects, genetic disorders. And we talked about the different factors that increase the chances of developing, like genetics, lifestyle choices, and the environment itself. Now, in the next section, we're going to be talking about some of these most common noncommunicable diseases, what they are, and how to cope with them.

Hello, and welcome again. Do you know what are the most common noncommunicable diseases? Section Two. Earlier, we described noncommunicable diseases and the causes of this. Well, now we're going to talk about the most common noncommunicable diseases like hereditary, immune disorders, and autoimmune diseases, and the methods for coping with them. We're going to finish later by differentiating between the types of diabetes and their causes. Let's continue. There's different types of noncommunicable diseases. We have hereditary disease, which is an incorrect genetic material passed along from a previous generation, from our parents through conception. We have immune disorders, where the immune system is overly or under performing. And we have the autoimmune disorders where the immune system is attacking the good cells rather than the bad cells. Hereditary disease. These are disease or disorders caused by a genetic abnormality. You see here the genetic code. Well, here it looks perfect. It's the different combination of different bases and it's supposed to pass along the recipe on how we're going to grow and how our body is going to function and regulate itself. Well, not very often, but it does happen that this genetic code is corrupted. Incorrect instructions or incomplete instructions are passed along. Some of these hereditary diseases are broken down in categories-- single gene, complex, and chromosomal. Let me talk about each of these and give you examples. Single gene. Well, these results when a single gene is mutated. Incorrect orders or incomplete orders. So some examples of this is the Huntington disease, which is manifested by a degeneration of the brain cells. The sickle cell anemia is a deficiency in producing hemoglobin. So what happens here is it causes clots, which can lead to complications. And cystic fibrosis, which is when there's defective mucus glands. So essentially, the secretions are clogging on the different parts of the body where it's supposed to come. Now, the complex diseases. These are hard to a study and treat because it's hard to identify the source of these. These ones typically involve multiple genetic mutations. Some examples of these is Types 2 diabetes, which is a deficiency in producing or using the insulin in the body. And the cancers, which is the abnormal growths of some cells. These are often influenced by lifestyle choices. Like for example, cancer, the risk of developing it accentuates if you're exposed to carcinogens. Let's say you smoke tobacco. It has chemicals which are considered carcinogens. So that increases the chances of developing the cancer. Now, chromosomal diseases. These occur when a person inherits an incomplete number of chromosomes. You get extra chromosomes, partial chromosomes, or no chromosomes in some cases. Example of this, Down Syndrome for example. If you take a look at people that have Down Syndrome, physically it's noticeable. The difference is physically. But this is related to problems with the chromosome 21, extra chromosomes, or partial chromosomes in some cases. Now, Turner Syndrome is related to the X chromosomes, the ones that are tied to the gender. Some of the cells have partial chromosomes or they're missing one of the X chromosomes. Now, immune disorders. These are caused by a compromise of the immune system. So essentially the body is overacting for under acting because it's not performing the immune function as it's supposed to. Some examples of this is the allergies and the asthmas. Now, the autoimmune disorders, as we stated earlier, is when the immune system attacks its own body. Instead of attacking the bad cells, or in addition to that, is going to attack good cells, tissues, and organs. So example is going to be the Rheumatoid arthritis, which is going to attack the joints. And the multiple sclerosis, which is going to attack the fatty tissue that is part of the cells in the spinal cord and the brain. Now, how can we cope and treat these type of diseases? First, it's important that the person experiencing this realizes that there's no cure for this. These are, essentially, wrong genetic codes or so. So you're going to have to learn with it. But luckily, there's enough research and development and technology that is available to mitigate the impact and help treatment prolong the life of the individuals as well. So first, it's important to confront and accept the diagnosis. Typically diagnosis are going to be very accurate because of the technology we have right now. Now, later it's important to openly discuss the situation with family members, with your doctor. And you have to establish a good communication with your doctor. You want to consult with him or her and follow the recommended treatment plan. It's in your best interest. And if there's any changes-- you're progressing, you're doing better, or you're doing worse-- you have to communicate with the doctor so that treatment plan is adjusted. Now, summarizing. We talked about what noncommunicable disease are and some of the influences. We broke it down in categories like hereditary diseases, autoimmune disorders, and immune disease. Also, we talked about the fact that patients or the individuals affected with this have to cope and seek treatment accordingly. There's many resources out there that may not cure these disease or disorders that may help you live longer lives and more comparable lives now than generations before. In the next section, we're going to talk about diabetes and the different treatments for it. Thank you.

Hello and welcome. Do you know what is diabetes and how it is treated? Section three. Earlier, we described noncommunicable diseases and the causes of them. We also listed the most common noncommunicable diseases. We've broken down into categories, and we described methods for coping with them. Now it's time to differentiate between the types of diabetes and their causes. Let's continue. What is diabetes? Let me walk through the digestive process first. We eat, and as the food is digested, the sugars that come with the food are going to be absorbed into the blood stream. The pancreas is going to generate insulin. This insulin is going to help convert the sugars in the blood into energy. Now, diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce or generate enough insulin or doesn't know what to do with it and how to process the sugars. So diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels. Now, some of the symptoms of diabetes are listed here, as you can see. Some of these symptoms, like frequent urination, extreme hunger, increased thirst, don't seem to be very serious, or they're misinterpreted for being something else. So diabetes can go undetected sometimes too late. Now, type 1 diabetes-- we talked about diabetes categories. Type 1 is the first one we're going to talk about. And this is when the body cannot generate insulin or cannot generate enough. The cause for it is unclear. But it's believed to be linked to an environmental trigger. This is considered to be an autoimmune disease because it destroys the insulin-producing cells. Now, this type of diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes. It's not as common as the other one. Only 5 to 10% of the cases are type 1 diabetes. These diabetes can be managed. Things that people can do is change the diet, monitor the blood sugar levels like you see in this picture, and inject the insulin that is needed because the body cannot generate it. So shots and pumps are very common. Now, type 2 diabetes, it occurs when the body is unable to process the insulin and convert the sugar into energy. It also can be [? combined ?] because of a lack of being able to generate the insulin. This is linked to unhealthy lifestyles like obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and diets that are too high in fat, calories, and cholesterol. So see how you can make a difference in reducing the chances of these coming up. Now, this is the most common type of diabetes. 90 to [? 90% ?] of the cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes. It usually appears after the age of 40. However, the changes in diets of children and teenagers have started to change that trend. The management of the disease is very similar to type 1 diabetes. Individuals that suffer this type of diabetes can change the diet, need to monitor the blood sugar levels. And they need insulin sensitivity medication. This medication allows for the body to use the insulin and process the sugars like it's supposed to. Now avoiding type 2 diabetes-- well, this type of diabetes can be avoided or delayed late by following a healthy lifestyle. So eating a healthy balanced diet, getting enough rest, managing the weight-- so don't [? incurring?] obesity-- and exercising regularly is necessary. And as you can imagine, it's not just going to prevent type 2 diabetes, but also other these diseases. Now, the side effects of diabetes-- as you can see and if you haven't heard or researched before, diabetes is the main cause of kidney failure, limb amputation, and blindness. So these are very severe symptoms that the people are going to experience in the most severe of the cases. Diabetes is also a major cause of heart disease and stroke, which, by the way, can lead to death. But you have to remember that, in many cases, diabetes is 100% preventable. Remember the healthy lifestyle? Now summarizing-- we described what diabetes is. We talked about the different types of diabetes as well. In this lesson, we started talking about what are noncommunicable diseases. These are diseases that are not passed from person to person. So we talked about the different genetic influences, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors that can trigger these diseases. We talked about the most common noncommunicable diseases, such as hereditary diseases, immune disorders, and autoimmune diseases. We gave you examples of each of these. And, lastly, we talked about the types of diabetes-- type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes-- and the symptoms of diabetes. Now you understand these diseases better. And you know now that there's things that you can do as far as following a healthy lifestyle that can prevent type 2 diabetes from happening. And if you happen to develop type 1 diabetes, remember that it is controllable, that now there's technology, there's tools and resources that allow you to live longer lives and still not having to compromise in a lot of the things that you would do otherwise if you were healthy. Thank you.